Plant Quarantine and Germplasm Conservation

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Plant Quarantine and Germplasm
Conservation

• Srilakshmi.Makkena

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• Quarantine is a strategy of control to prevent
  the spread of pests and diseases.It covers all
  regulatory actions taken to exclude animal or
  plant pests or pathogens from a site, area,
  country or group of countries.
• Responsibility of government.
• Execution differs among nations.
• Other responsibilities
• Domestic pest control,research, pesticide
  registration, safety and residue monitoring,
  seed quality and labeling.

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Quarantine activities

• Inspection
• Fumigation
• Growing in isolation

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Significant pest and pathogen introductions into
North America Pests Mediterranean fruit fly
European corn borer Potato golden nematode Gypsy
moth Cotton boll weevil Sanjose scale
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Pathogens Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria
parasitica) White pine blister rust(Cronatium
ribicola) Dutch elm disease(Ceratocystis
ulmi) Weeds Johnson grass (Sorghum
halepense) Kudzu(Pueraria lobata) Witch weed
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• Reducing the risks from pests and pathogens
• Common functions
• Exclusion or regulatory actions
• Containment or suppression or eradication.
• Assisting exporters to meet quarantine
  requirements.

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• Animal Materials of Quarantine interest
• Live animals, semen, eggs, or embryos fresh,
  frozen, processed or canned meat milk and milk
  products raw hides and biological reagents and
  other compounds extracted from animals.
• Plants or plant parts capable of propagation
• Plant materials include Seeds, straw, cereal
  hulls, lumber, logs, bark, fruit, vegetables, cut
  flowers, fibers, gums, and spices.

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Plant quarantine regulation requirements

• Require import permits issued by the quarantine
  service of the importing country.
• Specify things that are prohibited from entry.
• Grant exceptions to the prohibitions for
  scientific purposes.
• Require inspection of imported materials upon
  arrival.
• Require appropriate treatment, as a condition of
  entry.
• Require after arrival quarantine or isolation in
  an approved facility.

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The principles of successful quarantine Sound
scientific and technical principles should form
the foundation of a quarantine program. This
should include expertise from a diverse array of
scientific disciplines, including, for example,
virology, mycology, microbiology, nematology,
malacology, entomology, taxonomy, pathology, weed
science and genetic resources.
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Pests and pathogens should be ranked by
quarantine services according to the potential
danger they pose to crops and the potential for
success in excluding them. E.g..Germplasm from
centers of diversity should receive a high
priority because of the potential for such
accessions to harbor coevolved pests or
pathogens.
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When germplasm must be planted and grown for the
purposes of quarantine testing, it should be done
in an area geographically and ecologically
separated from the major growing areas for that
crop to prevent the establishment of crop
specific pests or pathogens.
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When germplasm is endangered or the need for
particular accessions is particularly urgent,
some discretion should be possible on the part
of quarantine officials in allowing exceptions
for controlled entry, despite existing
regulations to the contrary.
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Decentralized quarantine services are generally
more efficient because they enfold wider range
of expertise in germplasm assessment. However,
decentralization places a greater burden on the
national system to ensure high standards and to
promote accurate and efficient information
exchange.
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Because delays in transit can be detrimental for
many germplasm accessions, access to good
communication and transportation services is
essential for quarantine.
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• Quarantine and global transfer of plant genetic
  resources
• Quarantine as a pest control strategy Quarantine
  is often combined with plant protection to
  include all regulatory activities carried out by
  local, regional, national and international
  government agencies or organizations.
• Components of Quarantine that effect exchange of
  plant genetic resources on global scale
• Exclusion of plant parts or taking of regulatory
  actions that will reduce the chances that pests
  and pathogens might enter a country along
  artificial path ways.
• Phytosanitary certification or providing of
  assistance to a countrys exporters to meet the
  quarantine requirements of importing countries.

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Quarantine and Genetic resources

• Timely transfer is adversely affected by
  quarantine imposed delays.
• E.g. Prunus germplasm is prohibited from entry
  into US.
• The plum pox virus (among other exotic viruses)
  does not occur in the US.
• The virus, which is transmitted by several
  species of aphids, does not move on natural
  pathways beyond the range of its aphid vector.
• Several species of the vector already occur in
  the US.

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Quarantine and Genetic resources

• The virus can cause severe economic losses
• The virus could become established in nurseries
  and orchards.
• Several U.S. Prunus species are known to be
  susceptible.
• (National Research Council, 1991a)

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Legal Basis of Quarantine

• International and Regional Cooperation in Plant
  Quarantine.
• International Convention Against Phylloxera
  Vastatrix (1881).
• International Convention of the Protection of
  Plants (1929).
• International Plant Protection Convention (1951).

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Regional Plant protection organizations

• Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission
  (APPPC)Bienvenidos Al Comité De Sanidad Vegetal
  Del Cono Sur COSAVEJunta Del Acuerdo De
  Cartagena (JUNAC)
• European and Mediterranian Plant Protection
  Organization (EPPO)
• Inter African Phytosanitary Council North
  American Plant Protection Organization(NAPPO)Org
  anismo Internacional Regional De Sandad
  Agropecuaria (OIRSA)

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Biological basis of Quarantine

• Knowledge about the identity of pests, pathogens
  and hosts
• Geographic distribution, life cycles
• Environment, climate and farm practices

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Geographic basis of Quarantine

• The distribution of exotic pests and pathogens in
  various countries, regions, or continents is the
  geographic basis for promulgating quarantine
  rules and regulations.
• E.g. Rubber in Africa and South eastern Asia
  still escapes from South American leaf blight.
• Coffee in Latin America escaped coffee rust from
  Asia and Africa until recently.

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Pests and Pathogens of quarantine significance

• Does not occur in the country of concern and
  known to cause economic damage elsewhere.
• Has a life cycle that suggests that it is capable
  of causing damage under favorable conditions.
• May be of significance if it does occur but is
  not widely distributed.
• Is under a national suppression, containment or
  eradication program.

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Pests and Pathogens of quarantine significance

• If there are more virulent strains that do not
  occur.
• or.
• Has the potential to cause economic damage to
  crops.
• An organism may already be a common pest but
  regulations require that growers plant only
  pathogen tested nursery stock.

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Path ways for the entry of pests and pathogens

• Natural pathways
• Winds, storms, Jet streams
• Air and convection currents
• Ocean currents
• Surface drainage
• Natural seed dispersal
• Fliers (Insects and mites)
• Migratory species (Locusts)
• Self locomotion (Zoospores)
• Vectors (Insects, nematodes)
• Other carriers (Birds and other higher animals)

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Artificial pathways

• Cargo (Agricultural and non agricultural)
• Mail baggage
• Common carriers (Ships, vehicles, airplanes)
• Dunnage, crates, packing materials
• Smuggling
• Farm practices (Irrigation, used farm equipment)

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Pest risk analysisPest risk analysis is a
determination of the entry status of any imported
article, including propagative material, based on
the known or perceived risk of inadvertently
introducing hazardous pests or pathogens by
artificial pathways

• Factors.
• Known pests or pathogens of the germplasm.
• Their entry colonization and establishment.
• Effectiveness of inspection methods.
• Availability and effectiveness of treatments if a
  pest is found.
• The existence of disease in the country of
  origin.
• The availability of technical support in the
  importing country.
• The ability to monitor pathogens.
• Application of timely control measures.

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Recommendations

• Efficient methods of pathogen testing.
• Cooperation between nations and international
  organizations.
• Restricting the potential entry of contaminated
  germplasm.

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Current Status of Plant Quarantine Related
Activities at ICRISAT

• Mandate crops
• Sorghum
• Pearl millet
• Chickpea
• Pigeonpea
• Groundnut

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• ICRISAT signed an MOU with GOI in 1972
• Plant Quarantine Unit 1978

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The PQU liaises with the following Government
institution for import and export

• Seed import and export for research purpose,
  Import permit
• Export of bulk seed for demonstration/commercial
  purpose, Export permit
• Permission for import of microorganisms.

• NBPGR, New Delhi, India
• Director general foreign trade, Ministry of
  commerce, New Delhi, India
• Deputy director general foreign trade, Ministry
  of commerce, Hyderbad, India
• National plant protection and training institute,
  Hyderabad, India
• Head Dept. Plant Pathology IARI .

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Specific requirements for export of Seed

• Phytosanitary certificate.
• Import permit (regulatory requirement)
• Material transfer agreement (Legal requirement)
  Seed requester must sign an MTA (FAO)
• Specific declarations

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Seed imports from 1974-2001
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