MARINE CORPS HISTORY 1775 1919

1
MARINE CORPS HISTORY 1775 - 1919

• On November 10, 1775, the Birthday of the
  Marine Corps, the Continental Congress passed a
  resolution that established two battalions of
  Marines. The resolution was signed by John
  Hancock, instituted the American Marines at Tun
  Tavern, Philadelphia, PA.

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MARINE CORPS HISTORY 1775 - 1919

• Within three(3) weeks, Samuel Nicholas was
  commissioned as the First Officer of Marines and
  its First Commandant.
• Under Samuel Nicholas leadership, the Marines
  took Fort Montagu from the British in the
  Bahamas. The Marine captured various weapons as
  well as freeing three American ships captured
  earlier by the British. The FIRST OBJECTIVE BY
  THE MARINES was a success.

3
MARINE CORPS HISTORY TO 1919

• During the American Revolution, Marines fought
  aboard ships on the high seas. They fought with
  John Paul Jones aboard the Ranger. They boarded
  enemy vessels, assaulted the British with musket
  fire when they could not board enemy vessels and
  provided the Navy a landing force.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• After the Marines success in the Bahamas, Captain
  Samuel Nicholas was promoted to the rank of Major
  and was ordered to recruit Four(4) companies for
  service in four(4) frigates being built on the
  Delaware River. One company went to sea in the
  Fall of 1776 on the Randolph. This company
  would go down with the ship in 1778.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• December, 1776, Nicholas crossed the Delaware
  River with the remaining three companies, hoping
  to join General George Washington for the Battle
  of Trenton and did arrive in time for the Battle
  at Princeton. After that, Nicholas Marines
  shriveled to a minor garrison in Philadelphia,
  PA..

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• Like Marines of today, the Marines showed courage
  in battle, did their duty, and conducted
  themselves with honor.
• John Paul Jones recruited Marines for the
  Bonhomme Richard, 137 Marines from the expatriate
  Irish Brigade of the French Army. The
  French-Irish Marines gave a good account of
  themselves, but the 42 gun-Bonhomme Richards
  victory over the 50 gun-Serapis in September
  1779, it was seaman, not a Marine as legend tells
  dropped a grenade through the Serapis hatch
  exploding her magazine.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• Summer of 1779, an expedition left Boston, MA
  intending to dislodge two battalions of Scots at
  Fort George at Penobscot Bay in what is now the
  State of Maine. The landing force numbered
  approximately 1000 mostly militia but about ¼ of
  them were Continental and states Marines. In the
  battle, Captain John Welsh, who had come from
  Ireland to fight the British was killed leading
  the Marines. 13 Marines were killed, 20 wounded.
  The American Navy was outgunned on the evening
  of 13 August 1779 and all ships went on their
  own.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• The Command was given "ALL SHIPS FEND FOR
  YOURSELF. 19 American ships were lost but most
  of the militia made their way back to Boston.
  The largest amphibious effort of the American
  Revolution ended in failure. The United States
  would not try another amphibious operation for
  nearly 75 years.

9
Marine Corps History 1775 1919

• After the war, there was a fear that a
  professional army might make it difficult for the
  United States to remain a democracy. However, it
  soon became clear that without an army, the US
  would be at the mercy of other nations.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• In 1774, Congress authorized the enlistment of
  Sailors and Marines.
• On July 11,1778, President John Adams signed the
  Bill Congress enacted legislation that
  established the Marine Corps.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• William Ward Burrows improved the discipline of
  the Corps by emphasing drill for both Officers
  and Enlisted. He also created the MARINE CORPS
  BAND that often performed for the President of
  the United States.

12
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• THE BARBARY WARS
• The four(4) Barbary states of North Africa,
  Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli had
  plundered sea borne commerce for centuries.
  Surviving by blackmail, they received great sums
  of money, ships and arms yearly from foreign
  powers so that their peoples could trader in
  African ports and sail unmolested through Barbary
  waters.

13
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• Barbary pirates seized American ships no longer
  protected by the British since the American
  Revolution. In 1779, the United States agreed to
  pay 18,000 per year in return for safe passage
  along the Barbary coast.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• May, 1801, the U. S. refused to pay higher
  demands of the Pasha Ruler of Tripoli in return,
  the Pasha leader declared war on the United
  States. In return, the US sent Naval squadrons
  to the Mediterranean and blockaded the enemy
  coast and bombarded the Pashas shore fortresses.
  

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• On February 16, 1804, LT Stephen Decatur led 74
  volunteers, including 8 Marines to burn the
  American frigate Pennsylvania which was disabled.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• In 1805, Marines stormed the Barbary pirates
  harbor fortress stronghold of Derna (Tripoli)
  commemorated in the Marine Corps Hymn, (To the
  shores of Tripoli.)
• First Lieutenant Presley Neville OBannon is
  remembered for his heroism in the Battle of
  Derna.
• Lt OBannons Marines were the first U.S. Forces
  to hoist the flag over territory in the old
  world.

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Marine Corps History 1775 1919

• The Pashas brother Hamet presented the jewel
  encrusted Mameluke Sword, carried by Marine
  officers to today, to Lt OBannon in 1805.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• War of 1812
• The United States again declared war on Great
  Britain on June 12, 1812. The dispute centered
  around impressments of U.S. soldiers by the
  British. The British has attacked the USS
  Chesapeake 2 years earlier. Marines serving
  under Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry on Lake Erie
  used their marksmanship to destroy the English
  seaman on the decks of their ships.

19
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• When able to get close enough, Marines would
  board the ships and defeat the enemy. Several
  sea battlers included victories by the USS
  Constitution commanded by Lt Bush and the USS
  Chesapeake commanded by Capt James Lawrence who
  uttered the famous words DONT GIVE UP THE
  SHIP.

20
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• On the land, the Marines under the Command of
  Capt Samuel Miller fought at the Battle of
  Bladensburg just outside of Washington, DC. Even
  though outnumbered, the sailors and Marines
  withstood three (3) British charges and were
  finally forced to withdraw. The British took the
  city and burned Washington, DC. The only
  building that was left standing in Washington was
  the Commandants home at Marine Barracks in honor
  of the Marines who fought at the Battle of
  Bladensburg.

21
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• In 1815 at New Orleans, LA, the Marines under the
  Command of Major Daniel Carmack, defended their
  positions so well, that Congress cited them for
  VALOR AND GOOD CONDUCT.
• The irony of the Battle was the war had been over
  for a month.

22
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• 1815 and 1836 US did not engage in any foreign
  wars.
• LtCol Frank Wharton, Commandant of the Marine
  Corps from 1804 1818 focused on improving
  discipline and living conditions and he is
  responsible for adopting the Hand Salute.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• Major Archibald Henderson who became know as the
  Grand Old Man of the Marine Corps, served as
  Commandant of the Marine Corps from 1820-1859, 39
  years.
• Major Henderson was able to preserve the Corps
  where their was a danger of the Marine Corps
  being taken over by the Navy.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• The Marines did fight the Indians during this
  time frame until the war against the Indians
  ended in 1842. The Indian Wars did provide the
  Marines the First opportunity to engage the enemy
  as an Expeditionary Force.

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Marine Corps History 1775 1919

• THE MEXICAN WAR
• Since 1836, Texas declared itself independent
  from Mexico. Until 1846, it was a dispute over
  that independence when the United States annexed
  Texas. Texas set the Rio Grande River as its
  border to the south and west. That boundary
  became the basis for the dispute between the U.S.
  and Mexico.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• Mexico massed troops on the southern bank of the
  Rio Grande River which led President Polk to
  order General Zachary Taylor to move to the
  border. On April 24, 1846, Mexico crossed the
  border attacking American troops on the Northern
  Border. President Polk then declared war on
  Mexico.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• President Polk believed in Manifest-Destiny, that
  it was the God-given right or destiney to expand
  the borders from coast-to-coast. In 1846,
  present day California and New Mexico were
  considered part of Mexico.
• President Polk assigned 1stLt Archibald Gillespie
  to carry dispatches to the American Consulate in
  California and to Capt John C. Freemont. He also
  traveled thru Mexico to see if a war was
  imminent.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• In 1847, a provisional Battalion of 200 Marines
  joined with the armies of General Taylor and
  General Scott in the largest amphibious landing
  prior to World War II at Vera Cruz.
• Commandant Henderson volunteered six(6) companies
  of Marines who marched through Mexico to join
  Scotts forces in August 1847.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• The decisive battle of the Mexican War was the
  attack on Chapultepec, a castle that protected
  the road to Mexico City. On September 13, 1847,
  the Americans bombarded the castle. Under
  BrigGeneral John A. Quitman, whose forces
  included newly arrived Marines, the Americans
  assaulted the hill upon which rested Chapultepec.
  The fighting lasted all day, but in the end, the
  U.S. Forces captured the gates to the city.

30
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• U.S. Forces raised the American Flag in the
  capital city. The Marines had been to the HALLS
  OF MONTEZUMA.
• OFFICERS AND NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS EARNED THE
  RIGHT TO WEAR THE BLOOD STRIPE AFTER THE BATTLE
  OF CHAPULTEPEC IN HONOR OF MARINE OFFICERS AND
  NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS KILLED OR WOUNDED IN
  ACTION.

31
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• In conclusion, after the Treaty of
  Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed ending the war.
  Gold was discovered in California. By the end of
  the Mexican War, the United States had
  established itself as the most powerful nation in
  the Western Hemisphere.

32
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• GROWTH SIZE AND STATURE 1859 1918
• During the period between 1859 to 1918, the
  United States Marine Corps became involved in the
  Civil War (1861-1865) and abroad as well as the
  Spanish-American War and World War I.

33
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• Harper Ferry and the Civil War.
• In October, 1859, John Brown, an abolitionist
  believed that using violence to free slaves was
  justified, an attempted to seize a munitions
  depot at Harper's Ferry which is now known as
  West Virginia.
• Lt Isreal Greene led 86 Marines into the house
  where Brown had fortified himself. Lt Greene
  captured Brown.

34
Marine Corps History 1775 -1 1919

• Ironically, J.E.B. Stuart and Robert E. Lee were
  us Army officers at Harpers Ferry, WVA with
  Colonel Lee in charge.
• Marine actions I the Civil War were limited with
  one noteworthy action

35
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• USS Galena was disabled by Confederate gunfire
  south of Richmond, VA, Marine Corporal John
  Mackie rallied the troops, restored three of the
  Galenas guns and carried dead and wounded. For
  his actions, he was the first Marine to be
  awarded the MEDAL OF HONOR.

36
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• During the years 1866 1897, there were very few
  military engagements for the Marine Corps.
  However, there were a few notables that you are
  required to know
• John Phillip Sousa was hired as the Marine Corps
  Band Master and wrote the song SEMPER FIDILIS
  which means, ALWAYS FAITHFUL.
• Marine Corps Emblem achieved its present form.
  Eagle, Globe, Anchor.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
• In 1898, Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico
  were under the control of Spain. Like many
  nations, the population wanted independence from
  colonial rule. The civil disorder in Cuba, only
  90 miles from the U.S. border concerned many U.S.
  citizens and they felt that the peoples of Cuba
  were being mistreated by the Spanish and others
  felt that based on the Monroe Doctrine, the
  U.S. should not allow European interference in
  the Western Hemisphere.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• February 1898, the USS Maine, a Battleship
  exploded in Havana Harbor killing 160 crew
  members including 28 Marines. The U.S.
  recognized the independence of Cuba on April 19,
  1898. In spite of negotiations, the U.S. and
  Spain declared war o each other by the end of
  April, 1898..

39
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• Marines were assigned to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on
  June 10, 1898 under the Command of LtCol Robert
  Huntington. It was determined that the Spanish
  could not hold on if cut off from fresh water. A
  Marine force was sent on the mission to Cuzco,
  six(6) miles away.

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Marine Corps History 1775 -1 1919

• The Marines attacked 6 companies of Spaniards and
  accomplished the mission. In the battle,
  Sergeant John A. Quick earned the MEDAL OF HONOR
  for directing naval gunfire after Marines were
  caught in the middle he made a makeshift signal
  flag and stopped the naval gunfire and the
  Marines attacked and defeated the Spanish.

41
Marine History 1775 - 1919

• The Marines stayed in Cuba until August 5, 1898
  when hostilities ended. This was the FIRST
  instance of a MARINE FORCE UNSED FOR
  EXPEDITIONARY REASONS.

42
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• In the Pacific, Commodore George Dewey slipped
  into Manila Bay, Philippines and fired on the
  Spanish fleet. By May 3, 1898, the Spanish fleet
  was annihilated. Marines under the command of
  Lieutenant Dion Williams, were the first to raise
  the US Flag on Spanish territory.
• The ending of the Spanish-American War in August,
  1898, brought a major change in the way the world
  looked at Spain and the U.S. the defeat ended
  Spains empire and the U.S. as a global military
  power.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• The most significant aspects of Marine Corps
  participation was the speed with the
  Expeditionary Force has been organized and
  dispatched and the effectiveness in the Field of
  Battle.
• The victory at Guantanamo Bay which was won by
  Marines gave strength to those who would later
  advise that the capture and defense of advance
  bases should become the primary mission of the
  Marine Corps.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• BOXER REBELION
• In the 19th Century, European powers entered
  China and set up sovereign economic and political
  territories. In the Spring of 1900, the Chinese
  who called themselves Righteous Fists of
  Harmony, rebelled. The Europeans called them
  Boxers.
• The Boxers were patriots who tried to rid China
  of foreign economic, political, and religious
  influence.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• Concern for safety of the American Legation in
  the capital of Peking, Capt John T. Myers and a
  group of Marines were sent from the Philippines
  to China. At about the same time, the Boxers had
  surrounded the city.
• June 24, 1900, Capt Myer and his men took up
  positions on the Legation walls. Fighting was
  heavy and hand-to-hand. The Marines and foreign
  troops held their ground.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• The Chinese started an artillery barrage and
  built a tower in which to fire directly in to
  foreign positions.
• July 2, 1900, Capt Myers, 30 Marines, 26 British
  Marines, and 15 Russian Sailors surprised the
  Chinese and destroyed the tower.
• Private Dan Daly received the Congressional Medal
  of Honor for defending his position on the wall
  for an entire night with only his rifle.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• In August, 1900, reinforcements arrived from
  International Forces . In August, the rebellion
  was over.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• Cuba
• After the Spanish-American War, Cuba was under
  Military rule. After a few years, the Cubans
  were allowed to form their own government with U.
  S. Approval. A section called the Pratt
  Amendment was added to the Constitution allowing
  the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs if freedom
  was threatened.
• After a controversial election was held in 1906,
  a number of Marine Detachments were sent to the
  Island.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• THE PHILIPPEANS
• During the Spanish-American War, Commodore Perry
  returned the rebel leader, Emilio Aguinaldo to
  the Philippians. Aguinaldo did not agree with
  the U.S. about how the Philippines should be run
  and began a guerilla war with the United States.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• September, 1901, a group called the Moros
  attacked the Marines. BGen Jacob Smith, U.S.
  Army sent Major L.W.T. Waller and his Marines to
  subdue the Moros. The resistance was broken by
  November, 1901.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• PANAMA
• The events in Panama centered around building a
  canal. The U.S. negotiated, by Secretary of
  State, John Hay would give the U.S. control of
  the canal for 99 years at a price of 10 million
  down and 250,000 per year. The Columbians
  refused the offer.

52
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• On November 3, 1903, revolutionaries took control
  of Panama City. The USS Nashville arrived and
  sent a landing party of Marines at Colon. The
  USS Dixie arrived with Major john A. Lejeune,
  with 2 companies of Marines went ashore as a show
  of force. The Columbians boarded a ship and left
  with no fighting.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• MEXICO
• Between 1914 and 1916, the Marines were engaged
  in battles in Mexico and Haiti. In Mexico,
  Colonel John A. Lejeune was called into action
  with the Advance Base Force. They landed at Vera
  Cruz in response to information that the Germans
  were sending weapons to General Victorian Huerta
  who had taken control of the Mexican government.
  Huerta alienated the US Navy when he arrested the
  crew of the USS Dolphin. Even though he released
  the crew and apologized, RAdm Henry Mayo demanded
  a 21-gun salute to the American Flag. He refused
  to comply. Within 4 days, Vera Cruz was under
  control. By summer, Huerta fled the country.
  The US installed the Carranza government and
  relations were good.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• HAITI
• The US was concerned about the economic and
  political disarray of the Haitian government.
  When offers of US help were rejected, the Marines
  were sent to remove the Haitian treasury for
  safekeeping.
• When revolutions ousted two presidents, the more
  Marines were sent to quell disturbances by the
  Cacos. Under the command of Colonel LWT Waller
  and Major Smedley Butler, the rebels were brought
  under control.
• Major Smedley Butler and Gunnery Sergeant Dan
  Daly. earned their second Medals of Honor in
  these efforts

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• WORLD WAR I
• Between 1914 and 1917 there were a number of
  U-Boat attacks on American ships.
• The U.S. also discovered a telegram called the
  ZIMMERMAN NOTE which proposed an alliance between
  Germany and Mexico and officer Mexico the return
  of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. These
  incidents plus the democratic nature of France
  and England finally brought the US into war with
  Germany.

56
Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• The Marine first saw action on the front on March
  17, 1918. The Marines found themselves in
  trench warfare. As a result of a German
  offensive, there was nearly a three (3) mile gap
  in French lines. This gap was located in an area
  near Bois de Belleau (Belleau Woods). When the
  Germans attacked, they found out how expert the
  Marines were as marksman.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• After two failed attacks, the Germans went on the
  defensive and dug in.
• The Marines came across the wheat field towards
  the woods in four waves. The Marines came under
  heavy fire but kept moving forward, but found
  themselves running out of ammunition. 2dLt
  William Moore and Sergeant Major John Quick
  received the Distinguish Service Cross and the
  Navy Cross for their heroism driving thru German
  artillery fire top bring ammunition to the troops.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• The Marines dug in and repulsed a counter-attack.
  Replacement troops came and went, but by June
  26, 1918, the Woods were completely made up of
  Marines.
• The Germans so respected the Marines that they
  called themTEUFELHUNDEN OR DEVIL DOGS.
• The French renamed the Woods, Bois de la Brigade
  de Marines.
• Under the leadership of General Lejeune and
  Neville, the Marines were able to reach the
  objectives of Souissons, St. Mihiel,
  Meuse-Argonne and Mont Blanc and St. Entienne.
  The Marine Corps courage and steely
  determination helped end the war by November 1918.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• Marine Corps aviation had its beginnings when Lt
  Alfred Cunningham arrived at Naval Aviation Camp,
  Annapolis, MD. By August 1, 1912, Cunningham
  made his first solo flight. He became known as
  THE FATHER OF MARINE CORPS AVIATION.

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Marine Corps History 1775 - 1919

• CONCLUSION
• During WW I, the Marine Corps grew in size to
  nearly 76,000. There were 1,366 casualties, whom
  2459 were killed or missing in action. The
  history of the war is donned Marine heroism. As
  President Wilson wrote to the Commandant, the
  whole nation has reason to be proud of them.
  As our new country moved into its second decade,
  the US Marine Corps was recognized as an elite
  fighting force. It now had a tradition marked by
  successfully defending U.S. interests around the
  world.

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