ATM OCN 100

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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002LECTURE 5 (cont.)

• AIR TEMPERATURE A Fundamental Weather Element
• A. Background Definitions
• B. Thermometry
• C. Near-surface air temperature climatology

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MADISONS CURRENT WEATHER
Madison Weather at 1000 AM CDT MON 24 JUN 2002
Updated twice an hour at 05 and 25

Sky/Weather SUNNY
Temperature 81 F (27 C) Dew
Point 64 F (17 C) Relative
Humidity 56 Wind SW6 MPH
Barometer 30.11F (1019.6 mb)
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Current Surface Winds with Streamlines
Isotachs (iso equal tach speed)
L
H
L
H
H
L
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Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (iso
equal bar weight), Fronts and Radar
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Current Temperatures (F) Isotherms(iso
equal therm temperature)
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This mornings low temperatures (oF)
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Yesterdays high temperatures (oF)
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Yesterdays High Temperatures (oF) (1961-90)
Average High Temperatures
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Current Dewpoints (oF)
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Current Apparent Temperatures (oF)
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Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (iso
equal bar weight), Fronts and Radar
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GABRIELLE
CURRENT IR
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Tomorrow AM Forecast Map
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Announcements

• Homework 1
• Get from our webpage
• http//www.aos.wisc.edu/hopkins/aos100/homework/
  
• Due this Thursday 27 June 2002

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LATEST RADAR
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Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (iso
equal bar weight), Fronts and Radar
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Today is the Summer SolsticeSee Fig. 2.10 Moran
Morgan (1997)
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Earths Orbit of Sun The Cause of the Seasons
See Fig. 2.10 Moran Morgan (1997)
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Today is the Autumnal EquinoxSee Fig. 2.10 Moran
Morgan (1997)
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Track of Tropical Storm Helene
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Surface Weather Map from Today with Isobars
Fronts
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Forecast Weather Map for Tomorrow Morning
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Current Temperatures (oF) Isotherms
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Current Temperatures (oF) 24 Hrs Ago
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Last 24 hrs in Madison
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ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2002 LECTURE 5

• AIR TEMPERATURE A Fundamental Weather Element
• A. BACKGROUND
• Why do we want to know air temperature?
• Meteorological Significance of Temperature
• A measure of energy of atmosphere
• Human Significance of Temperature
• Humans are warm blooded
• Humans maintain a constant temperature.

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THE DEFINITIONS

• TEMPERATURE
• A measure of heat intensity of object.
• Proportional to average energy of motion
  of individual moleculesor to average
  molecular speed.
• HEAT
• A form of energy
• Proportional to total amount of thermal energy
  found in object.

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B. THERMOMETRY

• The Science of Thermometry
• Measuring temperature.
• Types of Thermometers
• Liquid-in-glass thermometers
• Deformation thermometers
• Electrical thermometers
• Radiation thermometers (radiometers)
• where ...

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LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETERS

• Concept
• Volume of fluid (Liquid mercury or alcohol)
  proportional to temperature
• Measure expansion of liquid in sealed tube.

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LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETERS (cont.)

• Special Recording Thermometers
• Maximum recording thermometers (Mercury
  thermometers)
• Minimum recording thermometers (Alcohol
  thermometers)

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Maximum-Minimum Thermometers
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DEFORMATION THERMOMETERS

• Concept
• Length of material (e.g., metal) proportional
  to temperature
• Deflection of material monitored.

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DEFORMATION THERMOMETERS

• Example
• Bimetallic Thermometer
• Used in Thermostats Thermographs.

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ELECTRICAL THERMOMETERS

• Concept
• Electrical resistance of material proportional
  to temperature
• Measure electric current.
• Example
• Thermistor
• Used in radiosondes automatic weather
  stations.

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A Radiosonde
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Thermistor on Radiosonde
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Thermal Sensor at ASOS
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RADIATION THERMOMETERS

• Concept
• Heat Radiation from material proportional
  to objects temperature
• Measure emitted radiation.
• Example
• Radiometer
• Used on-board satellites.

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Temperatures Retrieved from Infrared Satellite
Imagery

• http//www.ametsoc.org/amsedu/WES/composite_ir.htm
  l

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Example of Satellite-Based RadiometersCurrent
Sea Surface Temperatures from SSEChttp//www.ssec
.wisc.edu/data/sst/latest_sst.gif
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THERMOMETRY cont.

• Measurement requirements
• Standard instruments
• Thermometer Exposure
• Standardized observations

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Surface Weather Station
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Inside an Instrument Shelter
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Automated NWS-FAA Surface Weather Station
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Thermal Sensor at ASOS
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THERMOMETRY cont

• Temperature Scales
• Historical Background
• The Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin Scales
• Temperature Scale Conversions where...

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THERMOMETRY cont

• Temperature Scales
• Historical Background
• Need at least 2 reproducible points
• The Fahrenheit, Celsius Kelvin Scales

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Reproducible Reference Temperature Points See
Fig 4.3 Moran Morgan (1997)
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Temperature ScalesFig. 3.1 Moran Morgan (1997)
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TEMPERATURE SCALES (cont.)

• Relationships

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TEMPERATURE SCALES (cont.)

• Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius

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TEMPERATURE SCALES (cont.)

• Converting Celsius to Fahrenheit

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TEMPERATURE SCALES (cont.)

• Converting Celsius to Kelvin
• Converting Kelvin to Celsius

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C. THE CLIMATOLOGY of NEAR-SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE

• Temporal Variation in Air Temperature
• diurnal cycle (afternoon maximum vs. sunrise
  minimum)
• annual cycle (summer maximum vs. winter minimum)

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January Temperatures - Madison, WI (1981-90)
Daylight
Nighttime
Nighttime
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July Temperatures - Madison, WI (1981-90)
Daylight
Nighttime
Nighttime
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Sample Meteorogram for Madison, WI
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Last 24 hours for Madison, WI
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Last 24 hours for Madison, WI
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C. THE CLIMATOLOGY of NEAR-SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE

• Temporal Variation in Air Temperature
• diurnal cycle (afternoon maximum vs. sunrise
  minimum)
• annual cycle (summer maximum vs. winter
  minimum)
• Spatial Variation in Air Temperature
• north-south (polar vs. tropical)
• land-ocean (continental vs. maritime)

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This mornings low temperatures (oF)
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Yesterdays high temperatures (oF)
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Yesterdays High Temperatures (oF) (1961-90)
Average High Temperatures
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C. THE CLIMATOLOGY of NEAR-SURFACE AIR
TEMPERATURE (cont.)

• Average Daily Temperatures Degree-Day Units
• Background
• Types of Degree-Day Units
• Heating Degree-Day Units
• Cooling Degree-Day Units
• Growing Degree-Day Units
• Degree-Day Units Computations
  (where...)

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From NOAA Climate Prediction Center
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DEGREE-DAY CALCULATIONS

• Calculate daily average temperature then
  Heating Degree-Day Units

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HEATING DEGREE-DAY CALCULATION

• If Tmax 40oF and Tmin 30oF, then

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Annual Heating Degree Day UnitsSee Fig. 3.11A
Moran Morgan (1997)
Point Barrow 19674
10269
7493
149
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DEGREE-DAY CALCULATIONS

• Calculate daily average temperature then
  Cooling Degree-Day Units

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COOLING DEGREE-DAY CALCULATION

• If Tmax 80oF and Tmin 60oF, then

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D. VARIATION OF OBSERVED AIR TEMPERATURE WITH
HEIGHT

• Temperature lapse rates
• Rate of temperature decrease with height
• Units Celsius degrees per 1000 meters or
  Fahrenheit degrees per 1000 feet
• Layer nomenclature
• lapse
• inversion
• isothermal
• where ...

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LAPSE CONDITIONSTemperature decreases with height
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INVERSION CONDITIONS Temperature increases with
height
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ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS Temperature remains
constant with height
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RADIOSONDE LOCATIONS
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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING TUES AM
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TALAHASSEE RADIOSONDE SOUNDING TUES AM
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U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE See Fig. 1.9 Moran
Morgan (1997)
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VERTICAL TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS (cont.) The
temperature spheresSee Fig. 1.9 Moran Morgan
(1997)
Thermosphere
Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
Stratosphere
Tropopause
Troposphere
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U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE See Fig. 1.9 Moran
Morgan (1997)
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
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VERTICAL TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS (cont.)

• The Standard Reference Atmosphere
• The Temperature Spheres
• The boundaries or pauses
• Reasons for vertical temperature structure
• Implications of vertical temperature structure

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8 ppmv 0.0008
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VERTICAL TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS (cont.)

• The Temperature Spheres
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere

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VERTICAL TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS (cont.)

• The Standard Reference Atmosphere
• The Temperature Spheres
• The boundaries or pauses

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U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE See Fig. 1.9 Moran
Morgan (1997)
Thermosphere
Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
Stratosphere
Tropopause
Troposphere
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VERTICAL TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS (cont.)

• The Standard Reference Atmosphere
• The Temperature Spheres
• The boundaries or pauses
• Reasons for vertical temperature structure
• Implications of vertical temperature structure

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U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE See Fig. 1.9 Moran
Morgan (1997)
Thermosphere
Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
Stratosphere
Tropopause
Troposphere
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RADIOSONDE LOCATIONS
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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING TUES AM
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TALAHASSEE RADIOSONDE SOUNDING TUES AM
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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING Monday PM
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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING Tuesday AM
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ANCHORAGE RADIOSONDE SOUNDING Monday PM
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See Fig. 19.9 Moran Morgan (1997)
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See Fig. 19.9 Moran Morgan (1997)