The Mongols

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The Mongols
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The Eastern Hemisphere Before the Mongol Invasions
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• What was to become the Mongol Empire resulted
  from the rise of Genghis Khan and the unification
  of the Mongol and Turkic people.
• Genghis Khan was born Temujin and later given the
  title KHAN or ruler
• Born about 1162 C.E., Temujin rose from a
  position of isolation to one of leadership among
  the Mongol tribes.

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• After consolidation power among the Mongol tribes
  Temujin now known as Genghis Khan turned
  his attention toward conquering his southern
  neighbors the Tanguts Western Xia (Xi Xia)
  Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty of the Manchurian
  Chinese.

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• Genghis Khan believed that the Xi Xia would not
  be able to count on the protection of the larger
  Jin Dynasty for support if attacked.
• The Mongols attacked Xi Xia and the Jin Dynasty
  did fail to support them the Xi Xia fell to the
  Mongols in 1209.
• The Mongols then turned on the Jin Dynasty and
  forced the emperor to abandon his capital of
  Yanjing (now Beijing).
• 1215 the Mongols controlled the northern half
  of the lands of the Jin Dynasty

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Mongol Movement West

• Kuchlug had been Khan of the Naiman until
  defeated by Genghis Khan and brought into the
  Mongol nation.
• Kuchlug left the Mongols and moved west where he
  defeated the khan of Kara Khitai and established
  himself as khan.
• Genghis Khan decided to move against his one time
  vassal and the Kara Khitai.
• As the Mongols were tired form years of fighting
  in China, Genghis Khan sent only a small force
  led by his general Jebe, known as The Arrow
• 1218 the Mongols had defeated the Kara Khitai
  Khanate and set their eyes farther west at the
  lucrative lands of the Khwarezmia.

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Kara Khitai Khanate (look in the upper right)
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Mongol attack on the Khwarezmian Empire

• In 1218, Genghis Khan sent ambassadors and a 500
  man caravan to establish relations with the shah
  of the Muslim empire of Khwarezmia.
• Rather than treat the Mongols as equals, the
  caravan was slaughtered at the city of Otrar.
• Genghis Khan sent special ambassadors to the shah
  in order to explain the situation the shah had
  all but one of the ambassadors beheaded.
• 200,000 Mongols marched on the Khwarezmian Empire

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• The city of Otrar was taken and the governor who
  had attacked the initial caravan was executed by
  having molten silver poured into his eyes and
  ears.
• Mongol numbers, brutality and internal
  Khwarezmian problems all led to the Mongol
  conquest of the empire in 1220.

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• After defeating the Khwarezmia, Genghis Khan
  divided his forces into two large armies
• Genghis Khan moved his forces into Afghanistan
  and northern India eventually returning to
  Mongolia
• The other Mongol forces moved into Armenia,
  Azerbaijan, Georgia and defeated the Kievian
  Russians.
• The Mongols had established an empire from Europe
  to the Pacific from the Indian Ocean to
  Siberia. Conquered territories paid taxes and
  tribute to the Mongols.

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• 1226 Genghis Khan began to move once again
  against the Xi Xia and the Jin who during the
  Mongol move west had allied in an attempt to
  overthrow Mongol control as overlords.
• The Xi Xia and the northern Jin again came into
  line as Mongol vassals.
• 1227 Genghis Khan died and the Mongol empire
  was eventually divided among his sons and
  grandsons.
• The Mongol Empire was united under YASSA a
  series of Mongol laws that directed personal,
  religious, and political behavior.

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Mongol Empire at Genghis Khans death 1227 this
does not include Mongol tributaries
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Ogedei Khan

• EMPIRE OF THE GREAT KHAN
• The third son of Genghis Khan, Ogedei continued
  the expansion of the Mongol Empire as he
  inherited the largest part of his fathers
  empire. He was recognized by his brothers and
  nephews as the Great Khan even as they may have
  rule over parts of the empire.
• He began the wars against the Jin and Song
  Dynasties in China wars that eventually brought
  all of China under the control of the Mongols.
• While he was the Great Khan, attacks as far west
  as Poland and Hungary were made as well as
  power consolidation in Persia.
• When news of his 1241 death reached Mongol
  warriors nearing Vienna they stopped the
  advancement and returned to Mongolia

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The Golden Horde

• After the death of Genghis Khan, his lands in
  south eastern Russia and Kazakhstan were given to
  the sons of his eldest son, who had recently
  died.
• Batu was given the lands known as the Blue
  Horde
• Orda was given the lands known as the White
  Horde
• The lands of the Russian steppe were collectively
  called the Golden Horde in 1378 when the Blue and
  White Hordes were ruled by the same khan

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The Golden Horde Principality of Moscow in
light yellow
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• 1235 Batu moved his forces west attacking the
  Volga Bulgarians, the Ukrainian steppes, the
  Russians, and defeated the Poles and Hungarians
  at the Battles of Legnica and Muhi before
  returning to Mongolia after the 1241 death of the
  Great khan Ogedei in order to settle succession
  claims
• The lands known as the Golden Horde were
  ethnically a mixture of Turkish and Mongol
  peoples over time the Mongols became the
  warrior upper class while Bulgars, Tatars, etc
  became the majority of the population. The
  culture became more Turkish than Mongol over
  time. Europeans and Russians often referred to
  the populace of the Horde as Tatars.

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• The khan of the Golden Horde was selected from
  descendants of Batu by a ruling council.
• Golden Horde ministers were known as viziers.
• The Golden Horde made tributary states of
  Russia, Armenia, Georgia, the Crimean Greeks, and
  the Crimean Goths.
• There is a strong possibility that the Horde and
  Russians allied themselves against the expansion
  of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights.

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The death of the Golden Horde

• The power of the Golden Horde was diminished by
  internal divisions, attacks from Lithuania, the
  warrior Tamerlane/Timur (see Ottoman Empire
  PowerPoint), the devastation of the Black death,
  and the growth of the tributary states.
• By the 1440s, the Golden Horde was divided into
  separate khanates
• Qasin Khanate, Khanate of Kaza, khanate of
  Astrakhan, Kazakh Khanate, Uzbek Khanate, and the
  Khanate of Crimea

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• The khans had evaluated the rulers of Moscow to
  the level of princes in order to divide the
  Russians (between Kiev and Moscow) for easier
  subjugation.
• By 1480, the Muscovite Russians were stronger
  than any of the divided khanates and established
  independence from the Horde.
• The Russians began a centuries long process of
  conquering the khanates and absorbing them into
  the Russian Empire.
• The Crimean Khanate was the last influential
  remnant of the Horde, as it became a vassal of
  the Ottoman Empire in 1475 and received
  protection from the empire.
• 1783 Catherine the Greats forces defeated and
  annexed the Crimean Khanate.

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Kublai Khan

• 1215-1294
• Grandson of Genghis Khan succession battle
  between him and a brother led to the end of a
  united Mongol Empire
• Kublai established control of the Chinese lands
  of the Mongol Empire and established the YUAN
  DYNASTY.

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Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368

• Kublai Khan claimed rights over Mongol
  territories far west and used the title khan
  but his descendants did not press such claims and
  used the title Emperor of China
• Perhaps initially fearful of loosing China, in
  the early days of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols
  plundered widely but recognized the money found
  through trade and encouraged the use of the Silk
  Road and the transfer of Chinese technology west.
• It was during his reign that the Italian Marco
  Polo visited China.

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• Attempts by the Mongol Yuan to integrate with the
  Han Chinese proved to be ineffective.
• Weak Yuan emperors and a belief by other Mongols
  that the Yuan had become Chinese (something the
  Han Chinese disputed) led to the downfall of the
  dynasty. The dynasty was eventually forced from
  its capital (Beijing) by the Ming Dynasty.
• Remnants of the Yuan moved north and established
  a weak Northern Yuan kingdom eventually
  controlled by the Manchu.

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• Impact of the Mongol Yuan on China
• Development of drama, novels and the written
  vernacular
• Re-establishment of Confucian government policies
  as a way to unite China
• Religious toleration
• Advances in science and the continued development
  of the Grand Canal
• Transfer of information and trade with the west

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Mongols/Moghul (in Persian)/Mughal in India

• Babur 1483-1531 a descendant of the warrior
  Tamerlane/Timur paternally and Genghis Khan
  maternally.
• Babur represented cultural diffusion at its best
  his tribe was Mongol, he embraced Turkic and
  Persian culture and was a Muslim.
• Baburs conquest of India established the Mughal
  dynasty.

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Mughal India

• From Babur to the last Mughal emperor who was
  exiled after the 1857 Indian Mutiny against the
  British (although the emperors rule was reduced
  to merely the area around the city of Delhi)
  the Mughals brought Islamic and Persian
  influences to India.

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• During the rule of Akbar, he attempted to unite
  India through a religion that blended Islam,
  Zoroastrianism, Jainism and Christianity known
  as Din-i-llahi or Faith of God. This was
  rejected by Islamic clerics.
• The Shah/Emperor Jahan is best known for building
  the Taj Mahal the supreme symbol of Mughal
  architecture which blended Persian/Islamic
  influences with traditional Indian.

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