African

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African

• History

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European Involvement in Africa

• Trade
• Christianity
• Slave Trade
• Natural resources
• Modern Technology
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Partitioning of Africa
• These decisions affect Africa today.

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TriangularTrans-AtlanticMiddle Passage
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European Imperialism

• By the 1800s, most European nations ended their
  participation in the slave trade. The slave trade
  was also referred to as the Middle Passage,
  Transatlantic Trade and Triangular Trade.
  Instead they focused on acquiring natural
  resources like gold, ivory, and rubber. These raw
  materials and new markets were needed because of
  the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Many
  European countries tried to control much of
  Africa, using a practice called imperialism. This
  is the process of building an empire by creating
  colonies abroad and controlling their government,
  trade and culture. The African people living in
  the colonies did not have any say in how they
  were governed.

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African European
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Partitioning

• One of the biggest stories of the NEW
  IMPERIALISM was "THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA", which
  was a sensational issue and well covered in the
  press. In Europe, people followed news of
  colonial conquests and disputes with other
  nations on a daily basis. Governments were under
  constant pressure to acquire more colonies and
  assert their domination over their European
  rivals.Before 1880 only 10 of Africa was
  controlled by European Powers. Colonies dotted
  along the coast of West Africa from the defunct
  slave trade, settlements in southern Africa by
  Dutch, English Portuguese, and Algeria in the
  north, conquered by the French.By 1900 only
  Ethiopia and Liberia remained free of European
  control. By this point in history, even the Dutch
  Afrikaaner Republics in South Africa were
  conquered by the English in the infamous Boer
  War.

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Partitioning of Africa

• From 1850s to 1914 the continent of Africa was
  constantly being divided among the European
  powers. Steps were taken to lessen the
  competition for land control in Africa.
• There had to be settlers living in European
  colonies. If the colony did not have settlers, it
  could not exist.
• A nation had to get approval from other nations
  to claim new territory
• Nations had to end slavery in their colonies
• 1884-85 BERLIN CONFERENCE
• This was series of meetings between the major
  powers of Europe. At these meetings they lay down
  the rules for dividing up Africa, mainly
  establishing the principle of "effective
  occupation" to claim territory.
• Simply put, they agree to recognize any areas
  that are already occupied or being developed by
  other European nations. This leads to the GREAT
  PUSH into the interior reaches of the continent
  by competing European armies, as the European
  powers rush to establish legitimate claims to
  areas unoccupied by other European powers.

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Scramble for Africa

• 1. According to the cartoon, which European
  countries were fighting for a position in Africa?
• 2. Based on the reading you just did, is the
  cartoon accurate? Does it really show what was
  going on at the time? Why or why not?
• 3. How did the Berlin Conference lead to the
  situation shown in this cartoon?

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Percentage of Africa Controlled by European
Countries in 1913
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Partitioning of Africa

• Use the packet of maps to answer the following
  questions
• Describe the geographic location of the colonies
  in 1880?
• How did these boundaries change by 1885? By 1914?
• What happened to the German colonies after WWI?
  (1918)
• Which colonizers seemed to have had the most
  possessions?
• Is there a geographic relationship between the
  colonies and their colonizing country?

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Partitioning Led to Conflict

• In drawing boundaries throughout Africa,
  Europeans did not consider the African people
  living there. The African people already had
  their own political and cultural boundaries. Many
  kingdoms and states that had already been
  established were divided. Some divisions split
  families while other divisions placed enemies in
  the same boundaries.
• For example, in 1946 the British authorities
  merged southern and northern Sudan into a single
  region. Southern Sudanese practice Christianity
  and Traditional African religions, while northern
  Sudan is inhabited by Arab Muslims. Merging these
  two different ethnic and religious groups led to
  continued political and ethnic conflict and civil
  war.

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The Rise of Nationalism

• Nationalism is having strong pride in your
  country and a desire for self-government.
• Nationalist movements are movements that seek
  independence for the people living in a country.

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• Africans began to express resentment over
  European control. Many Africans stopped working
  for low wages on land owned by European colonist.
  Many moved to cities to find better work, They
  organized workers associations and protested
  unfair treatment by colonial governments. They
  developed more pride in their own cultures and
  national identities. These feelings of
  nationalism led to demands for self-rule. By the
  early 20th century many colonies in Africa were
  calling for independence, and by the second part
  of the 20th century African nations worked to
  free themselves from European control. A
  Nationalist movement grew.

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CASE STUDY COUNTRIES

• South Africa
• Kenya
• Nigeria

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Kenya

• From 1952 to 1960 a violent uprising led to
  independence from the British.
• After the death of thousands, Kenyans elected
  Jomo Kenyatta the first African president in
  1963.
• He only allowed those who agreed with him to
  participate in the government.
• Drought and border disputes led to conflict over
  land.
• The next president was elected in the 1990s but
  was accused of fixing the election.
• The last election took place in 2008- similar
  complaints have led to continued violence in the
  country.

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Nigeria

• When the British colonized this region, economic
  development was unequally distributed leading
  some ethnic groups to have greater wealth than
  others.
• Islam is dominant in northern Nigeria and
  Christianity is dominant in southern Nigeria.
• After achieving independence in 1960, these and
  other conflicts led to coups.
• The Nigerian military took over the country in
  1966 in a violent move that resulted in many
  deaths.
• The military was unable to end the violence and
  civil wars led to more deaths.
• Nigerian oil money has benefited government
  officials more than the average person.
• The situation is improving.

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South Africa

• Much of the colonial conflict in South Africa
  occurred between white settlers (the British and
  the settlers of Dutch, German, and French origin
  who preceded the British.)
• Eventually, the British Empire was able to
  consolidate power over this group and established
  the Union of South Africa in 1910.
• In 1912, the African National Congress was
  established. This group fought for the rights of
  black and colored people in South Africa from
  1912 through the end of Apartheid and the
  election of Nelson Mandela in 1994.
• South Africa became independent of colonial rule
  in 1961 but the black South Africans did not have
  rights equal to those of the white minority.
• The nationalist movement in South Africa did not
  achieve independence from a colonial power
  rather, it defeated the Apartheid system and
  established equal rights for black and colored
  South Africans.

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Independence

• Most of Africa was free from colonial control by
  1980.
• What challenges might they now face?

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Apartheid in South Africa

• More Europeans came to South Africa than any
  other country.
• The Dutch were the first to settle here (17th
  century).
• The climate is most similar to Europe here due to
  the latitude so it was ideal for farming. Later,
  gold and diamonds were found to be prevalent in
  the region.
• By the early 20th century, the British military
  took over the region.
• Black South Africans were unable to vote.
• This was the beginning of Apartheid.

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African National Congress

• Founded in 1912 to bring people of all races
  together and fight for rights and freedoms.
• In 1973 the UN declared Apartheid a crime against
  humanity.
• Nelson Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist who
  spent 28 years of his life in prison for opposing
  apartheid. (1962-1990).
• F.W. De Klerk, the whites South African president
  in 1990 freed Mandela and abolished the apartheid
  laws.
• Mandela became the first president of
  post-apartheid South Africa.

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Leaders Who worked to End Apartheid

• Nelson Mandela
• The leader of the movement to end Apartheid.
• Spent 28 years of his life in prison for opposing
  the system.
• Became the first black president of South Africa.

• F.W. De Klerk
• Lifted the ban on the African National Congress
  (ANC).
• Released Mandela from prison.
• The white president who agreed to abolish
  Apartheid.

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Pan-Africanism

• The Pan-African movement began in the late 1800s
  as a philosophy emphasizing the common bond
  shared by people of African descent and
  advocating unity among African people. It is
  sometimes applied to black Africans, to all black
  people throughout the world, and/or to all people
  living on the African continent.

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• From 1900 to 1945, most Pan-Africanists, with the
  notable exception of Marcus Garvey, were black
  intellectuals from the United States, the
  Caribbean, and Europe or affluent black Africans
  studying abroad in Europe and the Americas. After
  WWII, these young black leaders began to organize
  influential groups of black Africans. Some of the
  groups attending Pan-African conferences in
  Europe developed nationalist movements in their
  colonies and fought for independence.

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• Some of the most influential Pan-Africanists rose
  to become president of newly independent African
  countries. This is true for Kenyatta in Kenya and
  Nkrumah in Ghana. The Pan-African movement led to
  the development of a loose organization of
  African states known as the African Union.