Recognition:

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• Recognition
• known since ancient times (ancient China
  philosophical Greece Aristotles
  holothourion), but association with current
  understanding vague
• e.g. Aristotles water lungs holothourion ?
  Scyphozoan? (see also Plinius cucumis marinus)
• first formal recognition as an animal Belon
  (1553) - genitale marinum Rondelet (1554-55) -
  holothurion, cucumis marinum Columna (1616)
  pudendum regale, Aldrovandi (1642), Bianchi
  (1766),...
• Taxon becomes more or less defined, but confusion
  with other groups still exists

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The early days
The new millenium
Class of 69
Class of 58
Recognition Linnaeus, 1758 genus
Holothuria in Class Vermes four species, none
sea cucumbers
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The early days
The new millenium
Class of 69
Class of 58
Recognition Linnaeus, 1767 Altered
diagnosis four true sea cucumbers one a
Holothuriidae
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The early days
The new millenium
Class of 69
Class of 58
Recognition Gill, 1907 Proposed to disregard
Holothuria and all its derivative names and
replace with oldest available generic name
Bohadschia Jäger, 1833
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The early days
The new millenium
Class of 69
Class of 58
Recognition Cuvier (1812) Embranchement
Zoophytes or Animaux rayonnés Class
echinodermes order échinoderme sans pieds,
family molpadies
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The early days
Class of 69
Class of 58
The new millenium
Recognition Some key-players of the epoch
Bohadsch (1761), Gaertner (1761), Strussenfeldt
(1767), Gunner (1770), Pallas (1774), Forskål
(1775), Müller (1776), Pennant (1777), Dicquemare
(1778), Fabricius (1780), Lamarck (1809, 1815,
1816), Cuvier (1812), Tiedemann (1816), Oken
(1816), Goldfuss (1820), Chamisso Eysenhardt
(1815), Lessueur (1824), Delle Chiaje
(1823-1829), Risso (1826), Fleming (1828), Rüppel
Leuckaert (1828), Eschscholtz (1829-33), de
Blainville (1830), Lesson (1830), Quoy Gaimard
(1833), Jaeger (1833), Brandt (1835), Burmeister
(1837), Grube (1840), Forbes (1841), Troschel
(1846), Gray (1848 1853), von Siebold (1848), J.
Müller (1850), Bronn (1860), Dujardin Hupé
(1862) Cf Ludwig (1889-92)
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The early days
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Class of 58
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Recognition E.g. Brandts (1835) family
Holothuriae
I. Pedatae species with pedicels more or less
developed, variously distributed A. Homiopodes
species with pedicels similar in size and
shape a.      Dendropneumones species with
highly branched respiratory trees, free or
attached pedicels distributed over
total body surface or solely ventrally aa.
Peripodes pedicels visible in five rows or over
the whole body bb. Hypopodes pedicels
slightly visible b. Apneumones species
without respiratory tree B. Heteropodes
species with two different types of pedicels
cylindrical with flattened apex, distributed
ventrally sprouting from pores or
conical with the majority plus minus teat-like
distributed dorsally dendritic respiratory tree
gonad split a. Stichopodes Ventral
pedicels distributed in three, four or five bands
in the median area b. Sporadipodes Few
ventral pedicels distributed without
order aa. Aspidochirotae peltate
tentacles bb. Dendrochirotae branched
tentacles II. Apodes species with dendritic,
semi-dendritic or no respiratory tree attached to
the body mesenteries A. Pneumonophorae
respiratory tree obvious B. Apneumones
respiratory tree absent
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The early days
Class of 69
Class of 58
The new millenium
 
Semper (1868)
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The new millenium
 
Ludwig (1889-92) vs Haeckel (1896)
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• Sound the trumpets for the name-bearer
  Holothuriidae!
• Holothuridae introduced by Gray (1848),
  Holothuriidae atributed to Ludwig (1894) before
  Aspidochirotae Brandt, 1835
• Different categories recognised according to the
  author, e.g.
• Ludwigs (1883) Aspidochirotae
• Genus Stichopus Genus Mülleria Genus Holothuria
  Semper (?) with Subgenus Stichopus Subgenus
  Bohadschia Subgenus Sporadipus Subgenus
  Holothuria s.s.
• Haeckel (1896) Family Stichopodidae and
  Holothuriidae
• Fisher (1907) subfamilies Holothuriinae Ludwig
  and Synallactinae Ludwig four genera in
  Holothuriinae (Actinopyga, Holothuria,
  Labidodemas, Stichopus)
• ...
• Confusion ruled!

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The early days
Class of 69
Class of 58
The new millenium
 
In 1924 (Opinion 80) the generic name Holothuria
Linnaeus, 1767, as restricted by Brugière, 1791,
with type-species H. tremula Linnaeus, 1767 (non
Gunnerus, 1767) H. tubulosa Gmelin, 1790, was
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology and this action therefore firmly
established the generic name Holothuria in the
present sense rather than the original one of
Linnaeus, 1758
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Class of 58
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Before Pearson (1914)
After Pearson (1914)
Subgenus
Bohadschia
Jaeger, 1833
Subgenus
Halodeima
Pearson, 1914
Genus
Holothuria
sensu stricto
Subgenus
Thymiosycia
Pearson, 1914
Genus
Holothuria
sensu lato
Subgenus
Actinopyga
Bronn, 1860
Genus
Mülleria
Jaeger, 1833
Subgenus
Argiodia
Pearson, 1914
Presence of anal teeth and position of tube feet
KO Number and arrangement of tentacles, Polian
vesicles, stone canals, Cuvierian tubules OK
calacreous ring, ossicle assemblage, arrangement
of pedicels, anal teeth (even though convergent)
Actinopyga and Bohadschia are most primitive
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1944
Genus Actinopyga Bronn
Genus Bohadschia Jaeger
Genus Halodeima Pearson
A. Panning
Genus Holothuria Linné
Genus Microthele Brandt
H.L. Clark
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Conclusion The most primitive species are those
with numerous, regular tables and smooth regular
buttons.
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Class of 58
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 Cracky Mozes Elisabeth, your taxonomy is
perhaps a bit too fast and what happened with
good old nomenclature? 
1969
Yes! Its him!!!
Clark Rowe, 1967 ICZN Opinions (80, 762,..)

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Acanthotrapeza subg. nov
Metriatyla subg. nov.
Panningothuria subg. nov.
Stauropora subg. nov.
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G Actinopyga Bronn
G Bohadschia Jaeger
G Labidodemas Selenka
G Holothuria Linnaeus
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Conclusion The most primitive species are those
with the simplest ossicles and the most
arborescent tentacles fossorial habit, complex
ossicles and compact peltate tentacles are more
recent
Liao Pawson
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And then near silence
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Selenka, 1867
Cherbonnier, 1970
1981
F Labidodematidae James, 1981
D.B. James
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1984
Cherbonnier
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   In South Africa we have black sea cucumbers
and white sea cucumbers its custom to put them
apart 
1988
SG Roweiothuria Thandar, 1988
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Molecular-based
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Holothuria (holding Bohadschia)
Labidodemas
(Source Kerr et al. 2005)
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Class of 69
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The new millenium
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Morphology-based
The early days
Class of 69
Class of 58
The new millenium
(Source Samyn et al. 2005)
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Thank you for your attention