Dr' Hassan Arafat

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Introduction to Environmental consequences of
large scale energy generation Part I
Energy and Environment

• Dr. Hassan Arafat
• Department of Chem. Eng.
• An-Najah University

(these slides were adopted, with modification,
from Ms. Paulina Bohdanowicz , KTH Institute,
Sweden)
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Environmet? Who cares?
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Population growth
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Population growth
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ENERGY LIFE
Source NASA, 2002
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Urbanization zones
Source UNEP, Global environmental outlook 2003,
GEO-3 Past, present and future perspectives,
London 2002
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Energy in the world
1973 and 2000 Fuel Shares of TPES
Excludes international marine bunkers and
electricity trade.Other includes geothermal,
solar, wind, heat, etc. Source Energy Statistics
and Balances of non-OECD Countries.
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Energy in the world
Fuel Shares of TPES in 2010 and 2020
Includes bunkers.Includes combustible
renewables waste for OECD countries.Other
includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide, etc.
Source World Energy Outlook.
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Documented reserves of fossil fuels
Source British Petroleum, Statistical review of
world energy 2003, 6.06.2003, available at
www.bp.com, 2.05.2004
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Security of supply
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Oil in press
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The impacts of energy processes on the environment

• Physical (hydro dams, noise)
• Chemical (air pollution)
• Biological (genetic damage from ionising
  radiation)
• Ecological (climate change)
• Aesthetic (electricity grid posts, wind turbines,
  power plant stacks)

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Characteristics of pollutant

• Any substance
• Concentration higher than background levels,
• Capable of damaging organisms and/or materials
• Present in the amount that disrupts natural
  balance,
• With influx to particular system larger than
  assimilation rate
• That is detected by an organism sensitive to
  increased concentration of the substance

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Air pollution

• Mt Pinatubo, Philippines, June 1991 eruption
• Detected September 19, 1991
• SO2, ppmv scale

Source Graedel T.E., Crutzen P.J., Atmosphere,
climate and change. Scientific American Library,
USA 1977.
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General public interest in global environmental
threats
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Some local perspectives electricity saving
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Some local perspectives relation between
conservation and environment
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Some local perspectives unleaded gasoline
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Some local perspectives catalytic converter
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Some local perspectives global warming
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Some local perspectives ozone depletion
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World ecological footprint

• the ecological footprint, looks at per capita
  use of renewable resources and compares this to
  the capacity of Earth to generate them
• a conservative estimate, which does not include
  the needs of other species, nonrenewable resource
  use, or pollution

Source Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2003.
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World ecological footprint

• humanity is withdrawing resources 20 percent
  faster than Earth can renew them and is
  consequently depleting the world's ecological
  assets
• studies show that humans have fully exploited or
  depleted 2/3 of ocean fisheries and have
  transformed or degraded up to 50 of Earth's land
• the United States used up 9.7 hectares worth of
  resources per person in 1999 - 45 more than the
  5.3 hectares available to each citizen.
• even without continued population growth, if the
  world were to consume as much meat and use as
  much fossil fuels as Americans do, it would need
  the resources of five Earths

Source Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2003.
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World ecological footprint
on average each person uses the resources of 2.3
global hectares of productive land
there is only an average of 1.9 hectares of
productive area available per person globally
Source Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2003.
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Sustainable development

• Development that meets the needs of the present
  without compromising the ability of future
  generations to meet their own needs
• Process of change in which the exploitation of
  resources, the direction of investments, the
  orientation of technological development, and
  institutional change are all in harmony and
  enhance both current and future potential to meet
  human needs and aspirations.
• Brundtland Report, 1987

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Environmental impacts in life cycle perspective

• Facility construction
• Destruction of local ecosystems
• Transport of materials (energy)
• Facility operation
• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Waste disposal
• Noise
• Fuel supply
• Fuel extraction, processing/refining,
  transportation
• Facility dismantling
• Waste materials
• Local landscape

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Life cycle environmental analysis of fossil fuels