Europe

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Chapter 14

• Europe the World
• New Encounters, 1500-1800

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On the Brink of a New World

• 16th cent. Atlantic seaboard became center of
  commercial activity
• Spain Portugal and later Dutch Republic,
  England France thrived
• Expansion crucial in change from agrarian to
  commercial capitalist system
• Also led Europeans into contact w/ new
  non-European people
• Motives God, Glory Gold p380-81
• religious zeal
• crusade mentality strong in Port. Spain, desire
  to convert heathen to Christianity
• fantastic lands
• The Travels of John Mandeville
• Spoke of lands filled w/ precious stones, giants,
  cruel evil women
• magical kingdom of Prester John in Africa
• economic motives
• After reading Polos Travels, many sought
  alternative routes to Asia
• On conquistador wrote that he wished to serve
  God and His Majesty, to give light to those in
  darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to
  do.

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• The Means
• Maps
• medieval maps were of little use
• portolani charts made by navigators
  mathematicians during 13th and 14th proved more
  helpful
• useful in European waters
• useless for long overseas voyages
• by the end of 15th cent., Europeans possessed
  fairly accurate maps of the known world
• Ships Sailing
• new advances (axial rudder lateen sails)
• could sail against the wind, large enough to
  carry large amts. of food water
• navigational aids like compass astrolabe
  allowed the sailors to explore the open seas with
  more confidence
• Lastly, increasing knowledge of Atlantic wind
  patterns improved the success of non-European
  voyages greatly

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New Horizons Portuguese Spanish Empires

• Portugal
• 1419 Prince Henry the Navigator founds a
  school for sailors, soon Portuguese sailors begin
  probing south along the coast of Africa in search
  of gold
• Ships found the Senegal River and returned to
  Lisbon w/ cargo of black Africans
• African slave trade begins
• 1471 gold found in West Africa, becomes known
  as Gold Coast
• merchants dealt in gold, ivory, slaves
• 1488 Bartholomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of
  Good Hope searching for a round to India
• 1498 Vasco da Gama followed Dias route
  crossed the Arabian Sea to reach India
• 1509 Portuguese armada def. Ottomans Indians
  cutting off spice flow to Middle East Egypt
• 1511 took control of Malacca in SE Asia, giving
  them total control of the spice market in Asia

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The New World

• Columbus
• Italian sailing for Spain
• relied on work of Ptolemy Marco Polo
• wanted to find shorter route to Asia by sailing
  West
• left Spain w/ blessing of Isabella 3 ships
• Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
• Set sail 8/3/1492, landed in Bahamas 10/12/1492
• made successive voyages 1493,98, 1502
• died believing that he found a route to Asia
• Other Explorers
• John Cabot explored New England for Henry VII
• S.America discovered accidentally by Pedro Cabral
  in 1500
• 1513 Balboa (Spain) crosses Panama discovers
  the Pacific Ocean
• 1519 - Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal) leads fleet
  in circumnavigation of globe, dies in process,
  only 1 of 5 ships return to Portugal

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Spain in the New World p 386

• 1519 Hernan Cortes lands in Mexico marches
  Tenochtitlan
• Received warm welcome from Montezuma
• believed Cortes was representative of
  Quetzalcoatl
• Offered the Spaniards gold use of the palace
  while in the city
• Fall 1520 Aztecs revolted drove Cortes from
  the city
• shortly after, Aztecs fell prey to European
  diseases
• aided by disease enemies of the Aztecs, Cortes
  put down the revolt
• After retaking the city, the pyramids temples
  were destroyed and churches government
  buildings replaced them

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• Spanish Conquest of Inca Empire
• Dec. 1530 Francisco Pizarro lands on Pacific
  coast of S. America w/ 180 men
• Spanish weaponry too advanced for Incas
• Smallpox had already hit Peru, killed the emperor
• Two sons took the throne, caused civil war
• Pizarro quickly defeated the winner of the war
• Administration of the Spanish Empire
• Combination of misguided paternalism
  exploitation by Spaniards
• Isabella declared natives subjects of Spain
• Instituted encomienda
• allowed Spanish to collect taxes use natives
  for labor but were responsible for protection,
  payment of wages, supervision of spiritual
  needs
• Disease decimated the native population
• smallpox, measles typhus
• Pop of central Mexico 1519 11 mill., 1600
  2.5 million
• Hispaniola 1493 100,000 , 1570 - 300

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New Rivals on World Stage

• Late 16th cent. Spain Portugal colonial powers
• 17th cent. the Dutch, English French began to
  create their own colonial empires
• African Slave Trade
• mid-17th cent. - Dutch seized Portuguese forts on
  the west coast of Africa took control of much
  of the trade in the Indian Ocean
• Dutch settled on the Cape of Good Hope and called
  it Cape Town
• moderate climate, freedom from tropical diseases
• had little affect on natives living inland
• As slave trade increased 16th 18th cent.,
  millions of Africans forcibly shipped to the New
  World
• Initially market for African slaves was in Middle
  East
• Portuguese began replacing European slaves w/
  African ones
• By 1470s, about 1000 Africans were being sent to
  Portugal a year
• discovery of New World start of sugar cane
  plantations in S. America Caribbean drastically
  increase need for labor
• 1518 Spanish ship carries first boatload of
  African slaves directly to NW

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• Triangular Trade connected Europe, Africa,
  Americas characterized the new Atlantic economy
• European ships carried goods to Africa to trade
  for slaves
• Slaves shipped to Americas sold
• European merchants bought tobacco, molasses,
  sugar, rum, coffee, raw cotton to take back to
  Europe sell
• Use profits to by more European goods to take to
  Africa, repeat
• As many as 10 million slaves were sent to
  Americas between 16th 19th centuries
• Middle Passage route from Africa to Americas, 1
  in 5 Africans died

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• Slaves packed tight into the ships (350-400)
• chained below deck to their bunks roughly had
  anywhere from 2-2-4 to 3-3-5 ft space
• given just enough food to stay alive
• if you had to go, you went where you were
• groups rinsed off above deck occasionally
• slaves not encouraged to have children
• Many African rulers viewed slavery as a source of
  income
• Prisoners from neighboring villages or kingdoms
  sold into slavery
• Effects
• Economic - cheap European labor hurt home
  businesses
• Social depopulation robbed African communities
  of their youngest strongest men and women
• Political demand for slaves caused wars between
  African communities

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India

• Mughal empire controlled India when Europeans
  came in
• Portuguese were first to arrive in India, but
  Britain France soon followed
• British ports founded at Surat, Fort William
  (Calcutta) Madras
• French would move in to compete in India, but the
  French govt. provided little support for
  expansion in far-off India
• Eventually restiricted to port at Pondicherry
• 1757 British defeated Mughals at Battle of
  Plassey
• received right to tax Indians
• during Seven Years War (1756-1763) British force
  French to withdraw from Indian continent

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Toward A World Economy

• Inflation very bad as population increase
  influx of new bullion drive price increases
• Annual inflation was low (2-3) but prices were
  very stable in Europe before the price revolution
• Capitalism was growing thanks to new commercial
  organizations like the joint-stock company
• Individuals bought shares in the company
  received dividends based on their investment and
  a board of directors made important decisions
• ex. Dutch East India Company
• Enormous profits made in shipbuilding,
  metallurgy, mining
• Jacob Fugger amassed a fortune with a mining
  monopoly in Central Europe, only to lose it by
  making bad loans to the Habsburgs

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• By 17th century, family banks could not supply
  the numerous services needed for a capitalist
  economy
• Amsterdam created a city bank stock exchange
• Even though the European economy was growing,
  most saw no improvement in quality of life
• 80 of pop. farmed
• many owed feudal dues
• faced increased rents and fees taxes
• Mercantilism economic trend that came to
  dominate the practices of 17th cent.
• total volume of trade is unchangeable
• a countrys power based on amt. of bullion
• supported tariffs
• one state can only increase its trade at the
  expense of competitors
• to mercantilists economic activity was war by
  peaceful means
• colonies deemed good as sources of raw material
  markets for finished goods
• govt. involvement often seen as desirable for
  natl good

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Impact of Expansion

• Native American population ravaged by European
  diseases
• Social structures destroyed replaced by
  European models
• Asian cultures affected gradually by contact w/
  westerners
• Developed a new society in Central South
  America, referred to as Latin America mixture
  of Spanish, Portuguese, Native American,
  African
• very multicultural, less rigid attitudes about
  race
• Europeans brought the Catholic faith to the New
  World where it thrived in Central America
• brought new agricultural products to Europe
• changed Europeans view of the world literally
  figuratively