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Gender Stratification

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Patriarchy and Sexism. A form of social organization in which males dominate females ... Sexism. Belief that one sex or the other is innately inferior or ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Gender Stratification


1
Gender Stratification
2
Gender and Inequality
  • Gender refers to personal traits and social
    positions that members of a society attach to
    being female and male

3
  • Gender stratification unequal distribution of
    wealth, power and privilege between men and women
  • Male-female biological differences

4
Gender in a Global Perspective
  • Israeli kibbutzim
  • Margaret Meads research
  • George Murdocks research
  • Gender and culture
  • What it means to be male or female is mostly a
    creation of society

5
Patriarchy and Sexism
  • A form of social organization in which males
    dominate females
  • Matriarchy
  • Social dominance by women
  • A form of social organization in which females
    dominate males

6
  • Sexism
  • Belief that one sex or the other is innately
    inferior or superior
  • Institutional sexism
  • The costs of sexism
  • Inevitability of patriarchy

7
Gender and Socialization
  • Gender role (sex roles) are attitudes and
    activities that a society links to each sex

8
Gender and the Family
  • Is it a boy or girl?
  • Color-coding gender
  • Traditional notions of gender identity

9
  • Handling of children
  • Female passivity and emotion
  • Male independence and action

10
Gender and Peer Groups
  • Playing games Janet Lever (1978)
  • Boys favor team sports with
  • Complex rules and clear objectives

11
  • Girls team sports are different
  • Games teach interpersonal skills and the value of
    sharing and cooperation

12
  • Carol Gilligans gender based theory of moral
    reasoning (1982)
  • Schooling educational choices

13
Gender and Schooling
  • Correll (2001)
  • -gender shapes our interests and beliefs about
    our own abilities, guiding areas of study,
    eventually, career choices.

14
Role of Mass Media
  • White males have center stage
  • Minorities of all kinds locked out

15
  • Women receive roles based on sex appeal
  • Advertising some changes
  • The beauty myth

16
Social Stratification
  • Almost 60 of all women work
  • Administrative support and service sector jobs
    make up the type of work done by 50 of all
    working women
  • Women hold primary responsibility for household
    duties (the second shift)

17
  • On average, women earn 77 cents for every dollar
    earned by men (2004)
  • Largely due to kind of work done and family
    responsibilities
  • Corporate women and the glass ceiling

18
  • Just 17 of the 1,000 largest U.S. corporations
    have a woman chief executive officer

19
Education, Politics Military
  • Gender and education
  • 56 of all associate and bachelor degrees are
    earned by women Since 1993, women also earned a
    majority of postgraduate degrees

20
  • Nineteenth amendment (1920)
  • Women active in local state politics

21
  • 15 of all armed forces personnel were women
    (2003) and 7 of all deployed forces
  • Culture influences our views of women in the
    military

22
Minority Status of Women
  • At all levels in the class system, women have
  • Less income
  • Less wealth
  • Less education, and
  • Less power than men

23
  • Minority women
  • Multilayered system of disadvantage for some and
    privilege for others

24
Intersection Theory
  • The interplay of race, class, and gender, often
    resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage.

25
Violence Against Women
  • Rule of thumb 150 years ago
  • Sexual assaults, rapes, attempted rapes, and
    physical assaults

26
  • Campus and university gender violence
  • Wolf whistles and pinch to physical assaults
    rape culture
  • Female genital mutilation

27
Violence against Men
  • Our society may encourage more violence against
    men than women
  • Mens lives involve more stress and isolation
    than womens lives

28
Sexual Harassment and Pornography
  • Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a
    sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated and
    unwelcome
  • Rules for workplace interaction

29
  • Causes of sexual harassment
  • Culture encourages men to be sexually assertive
    and perceive women in sexual terms

30
  • Most people in positions of power are men
  • Under the effect standard a hostile environment
    involves different perceptions of the same
    behavior
  • Pornography

31
Theoretical analysis of gender
  • Structural-functional analysis
  • Gender functions to organize social life
  • Talcott Parsons complementarily roles for family
    units in order to carry out various tasks

32
  • Social-conflict analysis
  • Friedrich Engels ideas
  • Gender and class

33
Feminism
  • Working to increase equality
  • Expansion of human choice
  • Eliminate gender stratification
  • Ending sexual violence
  • Promote sexual freedom

34
Types of Feminism
  • Liberal feminism
  • Free to develop own talents and interests -
    individualistic
  • Socialist feminism
  • Pursue collective (male and female) personal
    liberation

35
  • Radical feminism
  • Eliminate idea of gender
  • Egalitarian, gender-free revolution

36
  • Opposition to feminism
  • Threat to male status and self-respect
  • Growing body of evidence that men and women think
    and act in different ways

37
  • How should women improve social standing?
    Individual abilities or collective rights
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