History of Cartography

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History of Cartography
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Earliest Maps

• Predate writing (ca 4000s BCE)
• Seemingly of the stars, not the world

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Babylonian Map Making

• Interest in the world and the heavens
• Excellence in math/astronomy
• From birds eye perspective
• Becomes the norm
• Knowledge of circles, ie
• Pi
• 360 degrees
• Passed knowledge on to Greeks

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Babylonian World Map(6th Century)
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Anaximander (6th c BCE)

• Whence things have their origin,
• Thence also their destruction happens,
• As is the order of things
• For they execute the sentence upon one another
• The condemnation for the crime -
• In conformity with the ordinance of Time.

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Anaximander (6th c BCE)

• Around the Earth
• Map, lost, but reported by Herodotus
• Corrected by Hecataeus
• (6th - 5th c BCE)
• Wrote periploi of Europe and Asia?

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Eratosthenes The Father of Modern Cartography?

• Eratosthenes (ca. 275-195 BCE)
• On the Measurement of the Earth
• Geographica
• Calculated the circumference of the earth (within
  1/2 accuracy)
• Introduced the idea of meridians and parallels

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Claudius Ptolemy (ca. 83- 168 CE)

• Geographica
• Coordinates based on latitude and longitude
• index

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Earliest Chinese Maps

• Han Dynasty (206 BCE -220 CE)
• Scale
• Itemized distance and direction on maps
• Pei Xian (224-271 CE)
• Six Laws of Map Making
• Map Making, Atlases

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Medieval Map Making

• The West?
• The East?
• Islam

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Islamic Map-Making

• Using knowledge of the Greeks
• Ibn Musa
• Book on the Appearance of the Earth (ca 833)
• Muhammad al- Idrisi
• Tabula Rogeriana (1154)

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Maps in the Medieval West

• A different direction
• Explain mans position in the world
• Less scientific accuracy (lost knowledge)

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T-O Map
Isidore of Seville, early 7th c
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Zonal Map

• Macrobius, Commentary on the Dream of Scipio (430
  CE)

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Detailed Map

• More accurate
• But no longitude or latitude
• Places, peoples, seas, mountains
• Few survive
• Difficulties in copying

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