MiniCourse CMPE12: Assembly Language

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Mini-CourseCMPE12 Assembly Language

• Presented by Tina Nguyen

Lecture Material by Prof. Andrea Di Blas and
Alexandra Carey, Slides by Janelle Yong
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An Introduction to Computer Systems and Assembly
Language

• Explains how computers compute in hardware and
  software
• Basic Topics include
• Number Systems
• Digital Logic

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Number Systems

• Unary each marking represents one digit
• IIIIIIII 8 and IIIIIIIIIII 11
• Alphabet I
• Arabic
• Alphabet 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
• 7 5 (1 10) (2 1) 12
• Also called Decimal or Base 10

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Number Systems

• Binary
• Alphabet 0, 1
• Called binary digits, or bits
• 1 presence of voltage
• 0 absence of voltage
• Bit is the unit of information

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Number Representation

• Each pattern of bits make up a code
• Each code corresponds to a particular value
• Examples
• 11 3
• 1100 12
• 11001 25

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Number Conversion

• Decimal to Binary
• Use successive divisions
• Remember the remainders
• Divide again with the quotient

• ex. Convert 25 to Binary
• 25 2 12 r 1
• 12 2 6 r 0
• 6 2 3 r 0
• 3 2 1 r 1
• 1 2 0 r 1
• Binary 11001

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Number Conversion

• Binary to Decimal
• If you have a binary number with 3 digits
• __ 22 __ 21 __ 20
• __ insert 1 or 0 depending on
• what your binary number is

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Number Conversion

• __ 22 __ 21 __ 20
• 2x exponent indicates which bit you are
  looking at
• 0th bit is the right-most bit
• Increases as you go left

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Number Conversion

• Example 1
• 101 1 22 0 21 1 20
• 4 0 1
• 5

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Number Conversion

• Example 2
• 11001 124 123 022 021 120
• 16 8 0 0 1
• 25

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Practice Problems

• Convert the following decimal numbers to binary
• a. 13 b. 30 c. 42
• Convert the following binary numbers to decimal
• a. 0111 b. 1111
• c. 10110 d. 01011

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Knowing the Powers of Two
Know them in your sleep!
A few tid-bits Byte - 8 bits Nybble - 4 bits
Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Digital Logic

• Electronic representations of Boolean logic
  functions
• Can be represented in a Truth Table
• Lists the outputs for all the possible inputs

Inputs Outputs

2 inputs
Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Basic Logic Gates
Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Inverter Gate

• Also called a NOT Gate
• Can be written as A or A

A
A
Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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AND Gate

• If all the inputs are 1, then the output is 1
• Can be written
• A B
• AB

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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OR Gate

• If any of the inputs are 1, then the output is 1
• Written
• A B

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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The Little Circle

• Inverts the output
• Acts exactly like the Inverter Gate
• Visually looks like

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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NAND and NOR Gates
A B
A B
AB
A B
Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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The Little Circle

• What if the inverter circle is before the logic
  gate?
• Invert the input instead!

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More than two inputs?

• Truth table still includes all combinations of
  inputs
• Works only for AND and OR
• NAND and NOR does not work
• not associative recall CMPE16 Mini-Course

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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More than two inputs?

• Example Three inputs

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Practice Problems

• Create a truth table for the following logic
  function and diagram
• a. Y (AB)(C(AB))
• b.

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Assignment

• Convert the following decimal numbers to binary
• a. 34 b. 28 c. 17 d. 51 e. 90
• Convert the following binary numbers to decimal
• a. 101101 b. 010011 c. 011110
• d. 110111 e. 111111 f. 1010101

Lecture Material by Prof. A. Di Blas and A.
Carey, Slides by J. Yong
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Assignment Continued

• Create a truth table for the following logic
  functions
• a. F(A, B, C) (A C)(A B)(B C)
• b. F(X, Y, Z) XZ (ZY)((XYZ))

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Assignment Continued

• Create a truth table for the following logic
  network shown below
• a.

A
Z
B
C
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Assignment Continued

• b.

A B
Y
C D