Title: Lecture%2019%20Placentation%20and%20Maternal%20Recognition%20of%20Pregnancy
1Lecture 19Placentation and Maternal Recognition
of Pregnancy
- Animal Science 434
- John J. Parrish
2Blastulation
3Hatching
- Bovine
- 9 - 11 days
- Equine, Ovine
- 7 - 8 days
- Porcine
- 6 days
4Conceptus Growth
- Cow
- Day 15, 1-2 mm
- Day 18-19, 10-20 cm
Occurs in cow, pig and sheep
Mare remains spherical!
5Development of Porcine Conceptuses from Day 10 to
12
5 mm Spherical
10 mm Spherical
Inner Cell Mass
15 mm Tubular
150 mm Filamentous
6Elongated Day 15 Porcine Conceptus
Embryo
7Uterine Location of Elongating Ruminant Blastocyst
Corpus Luteum
Bovine and Ovine
8Pig Intrauterine Migration
Day 5
9Pig Intrauterine Migration
Day 7
10Pig Intrauterine Migration
Transuterine migration is rare in cow and ewe!
11Transuterine Migration in the Mare
Begins Day 10
Corpus Luteum
12Gastrulation
Trophectoderm
Inner Cell Mass
Formation of Germ Layers
Endoderm
Blastocoele Cavity
13Gastrulation
14Gastrula
Ectoderm
Trophectoderm
Endoderm
15Gastrula
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Extraembryonic Coelom
Yolk Sack
Trophectoderm (Chorion)
Endoderm
16Germ Layers
- Ectoderm
- CNS
- Sense organs
- Mammary glands
- Sweat glands
- Skin
- Hair
- hooves
- Mesoderm
- Circulatory
- Skeletal
- Muscle
- Reproductive tracts
- Kidneys
- Urinary ducts
- Endoderm
- Digestive
- Liver
- Lungs
- Pancreas
- Thyroid gland
- Other glands
17Placenta Formation
Embryonic Ectoderm
Amniotic Folds
Extraembryonic Ceolom
Yolk Sack
Trophectoderm
Chorion
Mesoderm
Endoderm
18Amniotic Fold
Amniotic Cavity
Allantois
Extraembryonic Ceolom
Yolk Sack
Chorion
19Amnionic Cavity
Amnion
Uterine Lumen
Allantois
Yolk Sack
Chorion
Extraembryonic Ceolom
Carnuncle
20Amniotic Cavity
Chorion
Amnion
Allantois Cavity
Yolk Sack
Allantochorion (Chorioallantois)
Cotyledon
21Placental Membranes
- Yolk Sack
- In birds to nourish embryo
- In mammal atrophies but source of blood cells
and primordial germ cells - Amnion
- Non-vascular, fluid filled
- Fluid produced by fetus
- Protective cushion
- Ruptures at birth (not breaking of water)
22Placental Membranes (cont.)
- Allantois
- Blood vessels
- Fuses with chorion
- Allantochorion or chorioallantois
- Brings blood vessels to chorion
- Chorion
- Outermost membrane
- Attachment to mother
23Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
24Luteal Regression
PGF2a (Bovine, Ovine, Porcine)
PGF2a (Equine)
No Uterine Factor (human)
25CL Status
CA
- Mechanisms
- CL Regression
- Luteolytic
- No CL support
- CL Maintenance
- Antiluteolytic
- Block PGF2a effects
- Luteotrophic
- Stimulate progesterone production by CL
() Uterine PGF2a
CL
Filamentous Embryo ()
Maintained
26Recognition of Pregnancy
- Conceptus Secretions
- Proteins
- Steroids
27Recognition of Pregnancy in Bovine and Ovine
- Conceptus Secretions
- Interferons
- oIFN-t
- bIFN-t
- Mechanism
- Antiluteolytic
- Inhibit oxytocin receptor synthesis
- Inhibit PGF2a synthesis
- Critical Days
- Bovine - 16 to 17
- Ovine - 12 to 13
28Recognition of Pregnancy in the Porcine
29Recognition of Pregnancy in the Porcine
- Conceptus Secretions
- Estradiol
Critical Days 11 to 12
- Mechanism
- Antiluteolytic
- Redirect PGF2a
- Requires 2 embryos per horn
30Recognition of Pregnancy in the Mare
Critical Days 10 to 14
31Recognition of Pregnancy in the Human
32Recognition of Pregnancy in Rodents
- Estrous cycle - 4 days
- Mating induces prolactin
- Maintenance of CL
- Psuedopregnancy
- Not Pregnant
- Prl i after day 7
- PGF h day 11
- Estrus by day 17
- Pregnant
- RPL h after day 7, h P4
- PGF h day 11
- RPL protects CL from PGF
- Luteotrophic
- Antiluteolytic
33Recognition of Pregnancy
INF-t RPL HCG Estradiol
- Conceptus Secretions
- Proteins
- Steroids
34Implantantion
35Time of Implantation
Attachment to Uterus
Species
Beginning
Completion
pig 13 24 cow 22 40 sheep 15 28 mare 24 -
40 95 - 100 human 7 - 8 30
36Type of Implantation
- Superficial
- Chorion lies opposed to uterine wall
- Farm animals
- Eccentric
- Chorionic sack in a uterine fold
- Rodent
- Interstitial
- Embryo digests part of uterine wall
- human
37Degree of Tissue Loss at Parturition
- Deciduate
- Eccentric, interstitial
- Rodent, human
- Indeciduate or Nondeciduate
- Superficial
- Farm animals
38Cotelydonary Placenta
Cow
Ewe
70 - 120
90 - 100
39Cotelydonary Placenta
Cow
Ewe
40Placental Attachment in Ruminant
Binucleate Cell
Chorion
Migrate and fuse with uterine epithelium
Uterine Epithelium
Syncytium
Capillary
Fusion of Binucleate cells and uterine epithelium
(multinucleate)
Stroma
41Day 23 Migration of Bicnucleate Cells and
Formation of Syncytium
Binucleate Cell
Endometrial Stroma
Multinucleated Cells in Uterine Epithelium
42Binuclear Giant Cells
- 20 of fetal placenta
- Invade endometrium
- Source
- Placental lactogen
- Pregnancy specific protein B
43Placental Lactogens (Protein Hormones)
Prolactin-like activity
Stimulates Milk Synthesis
Not Present in Pig and Mare
- May regulate maternal metabolism to facilitate
fetal growth - High levels in the last 1/3 of gestation.
- High levels facilitate higher milk production.
- Dairy cows have higher blood concentrations than
beef cows
44Pregnancy Specific Protein B
- Unique to ruminants
- Function uncertain
- Has been used to detect pregnancy
- Cattle, sheep, deer
- Can be used to detect pregnancy in cows after day
25
- Not early pregnancy factor!!!
45Diffuse Placenta
Horse
Pig
Microcotyledons
46Microcotelydons
Increase placental surface area
47Endometrial Cups in Mare
- From both trophoblast and endometrium
- 5 to 10
- Form between days 35 to 60
- Produce equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG, PMSG)
- Sloughed off after day 60
48Zonary Placenta(bitch, queen)
49Discoid Placenta(human)
50Cell Layers Separating Maternal and Fetal Blood
Maternal
Fetal
Capillary
Capillary
Endothelium
Endothelium
Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue
Chorionic Epithelium
Endometrial Epithelium
51Histological Classification
Tissues epithelial- syndesmo- endothelial- hemo- h
emo- chorial chorial chorial chorial endothelial
Maternal endothelium - - conn.
tissue - - - epithelium - - - - Fetal
epithelium - conn. tissue -
endothelium Species pig ruminant dog h
uman rat horse cat rabbit ruminant
52Important!!!!
- In all cases, fetal and maternal blood does not
mix.