Lecture%2019%20Placentation%20and%20Maternal%20Recognition%20of%20Pregnancy - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Lecture%2019%20Placentation%20and%20Maternal%20Recognition%20of%20Pregnancy

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Allantois. Chorion. Yolk Sack. Extraembryonic Ceolom. Chorion. Amnion ... Allantois. Blood vessels. Fuses with chorion. Allantochorion or chorioallantois ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Lecture%2019%20Placentation%20and%20Maternal%20Recognition%20of%20Pregnancy


1
Lecture 19Placentation and Maternal Recognition
of Pregnancy
  • Animal Science 434
  • John J. Parrish

2
Blastulation
3
Hatching
  • Bovine
  • 9 - 11 days
  • Equine, Ovine
  • 7 - 8 days
  • Porcine
  • 6 days

4
Conceptus Growth
  • Cow
  • Day 15, 1-2 mm
  • Day 18-19, 10-20 cm

Occurs in cow, pig and sheep
Mare remains spherical!
5
Development of Porcine Conceptuses from Day 10 to
12
5 mm Spherical
10 mm Spherical
Inner Cell Mass
15 mm Tubular
150 mm Filamentous
6
Elongated Day 15 Porcine Conceptus
Embryo
7
Uterine Location of Elongating Ruminant Blastocyst
Corpus Luteum
Bovine and Ovine
8
Pig Intrauterine Migration

Day 5
9
Pig Intrauterine Migration
Day 7
10
Pig Intrauterine Migration
Transuterine migration is rare in cow and ewe!
11
Transuterine Migration in the Mare
Begins Day 10
Corpus Luteum
12
Gastrulation
Trophectoderm
Inner Cell Mass
Formation of Germ Layers
Endoderm
Blastocoele Cavity
13
Gastrulation
14
Gastrula
Ectoderm
Trophectoderm
Endoderm
15
Gastrula
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Extraembryonic Coelom
Yolk Sack
Trophectoderm (Chorion)
Endoderm
16
Germ Layers
  • Ectoderm
  • CNS
  • Sense organs
  • Mammary glands
  • Sweat glands
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • hooves
  • Mesoderm
  • Circulatory
  • Skeletal
  • Muscle
  • Reproductive tracts
  • Kidneys
  • Urinary ducts
  • Endoderm
  • Digestive
  • Liver
  • Lungs
  • Pancreas
  • Thyroid gland
  • Other glands

17
Placenta Formation
Embryonic Ectoderm
Amniotic Folds
Extraembryonic Ceolom
Yolk Sack
Trophectoderm
Chorion
Mesoderm
Endoderm
18
Amniotic Fold
Amniotic Cavity
Allantois
Extraembryonic Ceolom
Yolk Sack
Chorion
19
Amnionic Cavity
Amnion
Uterine Lumen
Allantois
Yolk Sack
Chorion
Extraembryonic Ceolom
Carnuncle
20
Amniotic Cavity
Chorion
Amnion
Allantois Cavity
Yolk Sack
Allantochorion (Chorioallantois)
Cotyledon
21
Placental Membranes
  • Yolk Sack
  • In birds to nourish embryo
  • In mammal atrophies but source of blood cells
    and primordial germ cells
  • Amnion
  • Non-vascular, fluid filled
  • Fluid produced by fetus
  • Protective cushion
  • Ruptures at birth (not breaking of water)

22
Placental Membranes (cont.)
  • Allantois
  • Blood vessels
  • Fuses with chorion
  • Allantochorion or chorioallantois
  • Brings blood vessels to chorion
  • Chorion
  • Outermost membrane
  • Attachment to mother

23
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
24
Luteal Regression
PGF2a (Bovine, Ovine, Porcine)
PGF2a (Equine)
No Uterine Factor (human)
25
CL Status
CA
  • Mechanisms
  • CL Regression
  • Luteolytic
  • No CL support
  • CL Maintenance
  • Antiluteolytic
  • Block PGF2a effects
  • Luteotrophic
  • Stimulate progesterone production by CL

() Uterine PGF2a
CL
Filamentous Embryo ()
Maintained
26
Recognition of Pregnancy
  • Conceptus Secretions
  • Proteins
  • Steroids

27
Recognition of Pregnancy in Bovine and Ovine
  • Conceptus Secretions
  • Interferons
  • oIFN-t
  • bIFN-t
  • Mechanism
  • Antiluteolytic
  • Inhibit oxytocin receptor synthesis
  • Inhibit PGF2a synthesis
  • Critical Days
  • Bovine - 16 to 17
  • Ovine - 12 to 13

28
Recognition of Pregnancy in the Porcine
29
Recognition of Pregnancy in the Porcine
  • Conceptus Secretions
  • Estradiol

Critical Days 11 to 12
  • Mechanism
  • Antiluteolytic
  • Redirect PGF2a
  • Requires 2 embryos per horn

30
Recognition of Pregnancy in the Mare
  • Conceptus Secretion
  • ?

Critical Days 10 to 14
31
Recognition of Pregnancy in the Human
  • Conceptus Secretes
  • HCG
  • Mechanism
  • luteotrophic
  • Critical Days
  • 8 to 12

32
Recognition of Pregnancy in Rodents
  • Estrous cycle - 4 days
  • Mating induces prolactin
  • Maintenance of CL
  • Psuedopregnancy
  • Not Pregnant
  • Prl i after day 7
  • PGF h day 11
  • Estrus by day 17
  • Pregnant
  • RPL h after day 7, h P4
  • PGF h day 11
  • RPL protects CL from PGF
  • Luteotrophic
  • Antiluteolytic

33
Recognition of Pregnancy
INF-t RPL HCG Estradiol
  • Conceptus Secretions
  • Proteins
  • Steroids

34
Implantantion
35
Time of Implantation
Attachment to Uterus
Species
Beginning
Completion
pig 13 24 cow 22 40 sheep 15 28 mare 24 -
40 95 - 100 human 7 - 8 30
36
Type of Implantation
  • Superficial
  • Chorion lies opposed to uterine wall
  • Farm animals
  • Eccentric
  • Chorionic sack in a uterine fold
  • Rodent
  • Interstitial
  • Embryo digests part of uterine wall
  • human

37
Degree of Tissue Loss at Parturition
  • Deciduate
  • Eccentric, interstitial
  • Rodent, human
  • Indeciduate or Nondeciduate
  • Superficial
  • Farm animals

38
Cotelydonary Placenta
Cow
Ewe
70 - 120
90 - 100
39
Cotelydonary Placenta
Cow
Ewe
40
Placental Attachment in Ruminant
Binucleate Cell
Chorion
Migrate and fuse with uterine epithelium
Uterine Epithelium
Syncytium
Capillary
Fusion of Binucleate cells and uterine epithelium
(multinucleate)
Stroma
41
Day 23 Migration of Bicnucleate Cells and
Formation of Syncytium
Binucleate Cell
Endometrial Stroma
Multinucleated Cells in Uterine Epithelium
42
Binuclear Giant Cells
  • 20 of fetal placenta
  • Invade endometrium
  • Source
  • Placental lactogen
  • Pregnancy specific protein B

43
Placental Lactogens (Protein Hormones)
Prolactin-like activity
Stimulates Milk Synthesis
Not Present in Pig and Mare
  • May regulate maternal metabolism to facilitate
    fetal growth
  • High levels in the last 1/3 of gestation.
  • High levels facilitate higher milk production.
  • Dairy cows have higher blood concentrations than
    beef cows

44
Pregnancy Specific Protein B
  • Unique to ruminants
  • Function uncertain
  • Has been used to detect pregnancy
  • Cattle, sheep, deer
  • Can be used to detect pregnancy in cows after day
    25
  • Not early pregnancy factor!!!

45
Diffuse Placenta
Horse
Pig
Microcotyledons
46
Microcotelydons
Increase placental surface area
47
Endometrial Cups in Mare
  • From both trophoblast and endometrium
  • 5 to 10
  • Form between days 35 to 60
  • Produce equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG, PMSG)
  • Sloughed off after day 60

48
Zonary Placenta(bitch, queen)
49
Discoid Placenta(human)
50
Cell Layers Separating Maternal and Fetal Blood
Maternal
Fetal
Capillary
Capillary
Endothelium
Endothelium
Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue
Chorionic Epithelium
Endometrial Epithelium
51
Histological Classification
Tissues epithelial- syndesmo- endothelial- hemo- h
emo- chorial chorial chorial chorial endothelial
Maternal endothelium - - conn.
tissue - - - epithelium - - - - Fetal
epithelium - conn. tissue -
endothelium Species pig ruminant dog h
uman rat horse cat rabbit ruminant
52
Important!!!!
  • In all cases, fetal and maternal blood does not
    mix.
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