MANAGEMENT OF SPATE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

1
MANAGEMENT OF SPATE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS?????
????? ????? ??????
2.1
2
Management of spate irrigation ????? ?????
????? ?????? role of local government and user
organisations??? ??????? ???????? ???????
????????

• Viability of spate irrigation systems is
• determined by strength of organisations
• ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????
  ????????

3
Management arrangements??????? ???????

• Three types
• ????? ??????
• Farmer management
• ????? ????????
• Farmer management and local government
• ????? ???????? ????????? ????????
• Farmer management and specialized agency
  management
• ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????

4
Farmer managed systems??????? ??????? ??????
????????

• Arrangements for farmer management
• ??????? ?????? ????????
• Rules on maintenance and water distribution
• ????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??????
• Internal organisation
• ??????? ???????
• External support mechanisms
• ????? ????? ????????
• Activities beyond spate management
• ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????

5
Rules on maintenance and water distribution
????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??????

• Water distribution Defines who has access to the
  floodwater and on what terms
• ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????
  ??????? ???? ?? ????
• Linked to contributions in maintenance
• ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????

6
Rules on maintenance and water distribution
????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??????

• Arrangements that relate maintenance to water
  allocation
• ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????

•    Contribution according to shares contribute
  in accordance to his land share irrespective of
  whether it was irrigated or not.
• ?????? ????? ????? - ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????
  ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????.
•    Graded contributions contribution related
  to likelihood of irrigation
• ?????? ??? ??????? - ??????? ??????? ????????
  ????
•     Contribution according to capacity those
  that have draught animals are expected to bring
  them, those that do not, only provide labour
• ?????? ????? ??????? - ????? ????? ??? ???????
  ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????
  ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???
•     Contribution according to benefit for
  instance proportion of harvest
• ?????? ????? ??????? - ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??
  ???????
•     Contribution by contract - only those who
  want to be entitled to water contribute. All
  others are expected to close their field inlets.
• ?????? ?????? - ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????
  ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????????. ????
  ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????.

7
Rules on maintenance and water distribution
????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??????

• Important requirement of maintenance is their
  robustness ability to keep the systems going
  even in bad years
• ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? - ?????? ???
  ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ????????
  '??????'

8
Internal organisation in farmer managed
systems?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????
????????

• Typical Characteristics
• ??????? ????????
• Minimum overhead costs
• ???????? ??????
• Maintenance organised as common labour
• ??????? ??????? ???? ?????
• Seasonal (paid) functionaries
• ???????? ????????? (??????? ???)
• Sub-groups
• ????????? ???????

9
???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????
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??????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????
(??????). ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????
??????? ????? ??? ??????. ???????? ??????? ????
??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???
????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???
?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????
?????? ??????? ???????? . ???? ????? ??? ????????
??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????
????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ???????
??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????
???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???
????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??
????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????????
??? ????? ????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ?????
????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????
???? ???.
Committee Meetings in Bada, Eritrea The first
meeting of the committee and group leaders is
usually held after the harvest to discuss the
reconstruction of the diversion structure (agim).
The second meeting takes place after the
reconstruction work to evaluate the work on the
agim. The third meeting is held before the start
of the planting season to discuss if diversion
structures requires additional maintenance and if
measures to avoid crop damage by pests and
livestock are necessary. During this meeting the
committee usually also decides which fields
should be irrigated with the water of late
floods. The fourth meeting takes place after the
planting period to organise crop protection and
to discuss measures to control damage by floods
especially in the field to field system. Meetings
should be attended by at least two-third of all
farmers. Farmers absent during a meeting have to
accept the decisions made.
10
Internal organisation?????? ???????

• Functionaries typical tasks
• ?????? - ???? ??????
• Coordinate water supply to the flood channel
• ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????
• Supervise water distribution along the channel
• ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????
• Organize repair works
• ???? ?????? ???????
• Mobilisation of contributions for maintenance
• ????? ????? ??????? ???????

11
Example ????
Ex. Sheikh al-Wadeyeen (master of two wadis) ,
Wadi Tuban, Yemen ???? ??? ???????? ? ????
?????? ?????

• Determine the water share of each main canal,
  following consultation of each
• Sheikh-al Obar (canal leader)
• ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
  ??????? ??? ??? ????? (???? ??????)
• Decide the number of days that water is
  allocated to each main canal
• ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???
  ???? ??????
• Decide the required work to divert spate water
  at head reach
• ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????
  ?????? ????????

12
Example ????

• ????? (raakha) (????? / ???? ??? ?? ?????)
• ?? ???? ???????
•  ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????
  ?? ??????
• ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????
  ???? ??????? ????.
• ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????
  ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.
• ???? ???? ???? ???? /?????.
• ????? ??? ??????? ???????? (raakha) ??????? ??
  ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????. 

Raakha (engineer/guard on earthen bund), DI
Khan, Pakistan   supervise the layout and
position of earthen bund, when it is
constructed   before the rainy season
inspects the structure and points out
weaker sections   vigilance during the
spate season and communication with
individual field owners, water user
association, down stream farmers and with
revenue department   witness breaching of
the sadd/Ghandi   keep contacts with
raakha of next downstream structure(s).
13
Internal organisation in farmer managed systems
?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????

• Existence of sub-groups
• ???? ????????? ???????
• Easy mobilisation of labour for maintenance at
  block and group/flood channel level
• ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????
  ???????? / ???? ???????
• Facilitation of the implementation of rules
• ????? ????? ???????

14
Example Ternafi (subcommand leader), Sheeb,
Eritrea

• assess the amount of labour required to carry out
  specific works
• mobilise labour for maintenance of irrigation
  structures
• supervise the works undertaken by farmers of his
  group
• check if all fields in his group receive
  irrigation water
• convey information and directives from the local
  administration/Ministry of Agriculture to the
  sub-group leaders
• investigate reasons when a farmer has not
  contributed labour during collective works
• transfer messages and requests from to the local
  administration
• prepare written reports about the works
  undertaken by his group

• ????
• ?????? (???? ????? ?????)? ???? ????????
• ?????
• ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????
• ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
• ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????
• ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????
  ???? ????
• ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? /
  ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????
• ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????
  ??????
• ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????
• ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????
  ?? ???????

15
External support????? ???????

• Social organisation required to mobilize human
  and animal power for construction of diversion
  structures has been difficult to sustain in
  places
• ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????
  ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????
  ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
• For instance the outmigration after a drought can
  cause the loss of a critical mass of people to
  maintain and repair the system
• ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????
  ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??
  ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
• Or where there is inequity and powerplay
  certain areas are deprived of water
• ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???
  ??????? ? '??????? ???????'
• Need to support for instance by
• ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???
• Organizing Water Users Associations but be
  careful to do it right
• ????? ?????? ??????? ????? - ??? ?? ????? ???
  ???? ???? ????
• Support of earthmoving equipment allow the
  timely reconstruction of the diversion bunds
• ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
  ??????? ?? ????? ???????

16
Activities beyond spate management ?????? ?? ???
??????? ???????

• Main task local farmer organisations
• ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????
• Organisation of maintenance and the enforcement
  of water distribution rules
• ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????
  ??????
• However These organisations may function as well
  in other situations (social capital is there)
  land disputes, tenancy, crop planning, extension
  and marketing
• ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????
  ???? (??? ????? ????????? ?????) ???????? ???
  ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????

17
Management by farmers and local
government ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????
????????

• Medium and large systems Increase in
  complementing role of local government in
  management
• ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???
  ??????? ???????? ?? ???????

18
Farmer management and local government ???????
?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????

• Local government/administration
• ??????? ???????? / ?????
• Play a constructive and supplementary role in
  organising maintenance and supervising water
  distribution
• ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????
  ???????? ??? ????? ??????
• Facilitate other processes in spate irrigation
• ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????
• Intervene when necessary
• ?????? ??? ???????

19

• Teshildar, Kacchi, Pakistan
• ???????? ????? ???????
• (local government)
• (??????? ????????)
• Oversees water distribution
• between different area on
• same river
• ???? ??? ????? ??????
• ??? ????? ?????? ???
• ????? ????
• Oversees that no new areas
• are developed
• ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????
• Organizes collection of tax
• ????? ????? ???????

Example ????
20
EXAMPLE AGRICULTURAL COUNCIL TUBAN 1950 ????
?????? ??????? ????? 1950

• Director of Agriculture (chairman), Permanent
  Secretary of the Department of Agriculture
  (deputy chairman) and seventeen to twenty five
  members, representing the landlords and
  cultivators.
• ???? ??????? (?????)? ???????? ?????? ??? ???
  ??????? (???? ??????) ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????
  ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????.
• Mashayikh al-Abar (supervisors of channels) from
  the two wadis may be invited to attend meetings
  but their opinions shall be advisory in nature.
• ????? ???? (????? ???????) ??? ???????? ????
  ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ??? ????? ????????
• The Director of Agriculture shall submit to HH
  the Sultan a list of the names of those whom he
  nominates for the membership of the Agricultural
  Council, and H.H. the Sultan shall select from
  among them the required number
• ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????
  ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
• The term of membership of the Council shall be
  for two years as from the date of appointment.
• ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????
  ???????

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FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL ????? ??????

• Division of water between the two main wadis
•         Supervising water distribution and
  irrigation sequence within the area
•         Rationalizing tenancy rules
•         Distribution of land among small and
  large cultivators.
•         Maintenance of channels and barrages.
•         Devising of a system for dealing with
  lands which are forced to pay maintenance
  contributions but which were not irrigated
•         Regulation of maintenance charges on
  channels and wadis, and assigning a special fund
  for them.
•         Introduction of a special system for
  thesecond irrigation of land is planted with red
  sorghum, so that the local food security is
  ensured
•         Scrutinize agricultural land sales
•         Review penalties applied to offenders
  and transgressors.
•         Issue annual report of revenues and
  expenditure, submit it to H.H. the Sultan , and
  then have it published for the information of the
  public.
•         Issue bye-laws and put them into
  execution after obtaining the assent of H.H. the
  Sultan .

• ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????
• ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???
  ???????
• ????? ????? ???????
• ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????
• ????? ??????? ????????
• ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
  ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????
• ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????
  ?????? ????? ???
• ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????
  ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????
• ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????
• ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????
• ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???
  ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
• ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????
  ??? ????? ??????? ???????

22

• Convene twice each month
• ??????? ?????? ???? ???
• During the spate season at least twice weekly
• ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????
• If a member fails to attend four consecutive
  sessions without permission, he is regarded as
  having resigned
• ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????
  ???? ??????? ???? ??????
• All decisions of the Council shall be taken by
  simple majority vote
• ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????
  ???????
• When the votes are equal the Chairman shall have
  a casting vote
• ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????
• Quorum shall be considered to be established only
  when more than half the number of Council members
  are assembled
• ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????
  ??????

23
Agency management ????? ???????

• Specialized agencies take responsibility for the
  management of spate systems
• ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
  (???????)
• ExamplesTihama Development Authority, Rod Kohi
  Authority
• ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ????

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Agency management????? ???????

• Agency management suffers from
• ????? ????? ??????? ??
• Inability to live up to the promise of basic
  maintenance as a result of under funding
• ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????
  ?????? ????? ?? ???????
• Inability to manage and distribute water in a
  moderately fair manner because of poor links to
  farmer organisations or local government
• ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????
  ????????
• Continued high expectations
• ????????? ??????? ????????

26
Recommendations ??????

• Important factors for improvement projects in
  farmer management
• ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????
• Clear leadership
• ??????? ???????
• Clear arrangements for maintenance
• ??????? ??????? ???????
• Low-cost structures
• ????? ????? ???????
• Limited permanent positions
• ????? ????? ??????
• Strengthening sub-groups
• ??????? ????????? ???????
• Extend role of local government organisations
• ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????

27
Recommendations??????

• Important factors for improvement projects in
  agency management
• ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????
• Reduction of role in water distribution
• ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????
• Limit involvement to complex maintenance
• ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????
• Promotion of effective communication
• ????? ???? ??????? ????????
• Involvement of farmer representatives
• ????? ????? ?????????

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