Fractional distillation of crude oil

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Fractional distillation of crude oil

• By Sereena and Emille

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What is crude oil?

Crude oil is the form in which oil is initially
extracted from the earth. It is a mixture of
hydrocarbons with some oxygen, nitrogen, and
sulphur impurities. It is a fossil fuel.
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What is fractional distillation?

• Fractional Distillation is a process by which
  components in a chemical mixture are separated
  according to their different boiling points.

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BOILING POINTS AND STRUCTURES OF HYDROCARBONS?

• The boiling points of organic compounds can give
  important clues to other physical properties and
  structural characteristics.
• A liquid boils when its vapour pressure is equal
  to the atmospheric pressure.
• Vapour pressure is determined by the kinetic
  energy of molecules.
• Kinetic energy is related to temperature and the
  mass and velocity of the molecules

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Boiling points

• Hydrocarbons have different boiling points, and
  can be either solids, liquids or gases at room
  temperature.

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Trends in properties

• The bigger the hydrocarbon molecule and the more
  carbon atoms it contains,
• the higher is its boiling point
• the less easily it turns into a vapour (I.e, it
  is less volatile)
• the less easily it flows (I.e, it is more
  viscous) and
• the less easily it ignites (I.e, it is less
  flammable)
• This means that large hydrocarbon molecules are
  less useful as fuels.

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Oil fractions

• The diagram on the next slide summarises the main
  fractions from crude oil and their uses, and the
  trends in properties.
• Note that the gases condense at the top of the
  column, the liquids in the middle and the solids
  stay at the bottom

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Now!

• Match the words with their definitions. See if
  you can do it.
• Thanks
• Sereena and Emille
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