Accounting Systems For Measuring Costs

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Chapter17
Accounting Systems For Measuring Costs
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Cost Accounting Systems
Determining unitmanufacturingcosts.
Planning andcontrolfunctions.
Cost accounting systems provide information
supporting decisions making the business
successful.
Assessing theefficiency andeffectivenessof
operations.
Providingproducts or services tocustomers.
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Cost Accounting Systems
Evaluate andrewardemployeeperformance.
Discloseinventoriesand cost ofgoods sold.
Cost accounting systems are the proceduresand
techniques used by management.
Manage activitiesthat consumeresources.
Track resourcesconsumed byproducts andservices.
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Basic Cost Accounting Procedures
ProcessCosting
Job OrderCosting
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Basic Cost Accounting Procedures
ProcessCosting
Job OrderCosting
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Basic Cost Accounting Procedures
ProcessCosting
Job OrderCosting
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Basic Cost Accounting Procedures
ProcessCosting
Job OrderCosting
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Job Order Costing
Manufacturingoverhead (OH) Applied to eachjob
using apredeterminedrate (POHR)
Directmaterials
Traced directly to each job
THE JOB
Traced directly to each job
Direct labor
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Job Order Costing

• The primary document for tracking the costs
  associated with a given job is the job cost sheet.

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The Job Cost Sheet
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The Job Cost Sheet
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The Job Cost Sheet
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The Job Cost Sheet
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Job Order CostingDocument Flow Summary
Lets summarize the document flow we have been
discussing in a job order costing system.
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Job Order CostingDocument Flow Summary
Direct materials
The materials requisition indicates the cost of
direct materialto charge tojobsand the cost of
indirect material to charge to overhead.
Materials Ledger Cards
Materials Ledger Cards
Materials Ledger Cards
MaterialsRequisition
Indirect materials
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Job Order CostingDocument Flow Summary
Direct Labor
Employee time tickets indicate the cost of direct
laborto charge tojobsand the cost of indirect
labor to charge to overhead.
Job Cost Sheets
Job Cost Sheets
Job Cost Sheets
Job Cost Sheets
Employee Time Ticket
Employee Time Ticket
Employee Time Ticket
Employee Time Ticket
Manufacturing Overhead Account
Indirect Labor
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Job Order CostingDocument Flow Summary
IndirectLabor
EmployeeTime Ticket
Overhead AppliedwithPOHR
OtherActual OHCharges
Manufacturing Overhead Account
Job Cost Sheets
MaterialsRequisition
IndirectMaterial
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Flow of Costs in Job Costing
Flow of Costs in Job Costing
Lets examine the cost flows in ajob order
costing system. We will use T-accounts and start
with materials.
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Flow of Costs in Job Costing
Work in Process(Job Cost Sheet)
Materials Inventory

• Direct Material

• Direct Material

• Material
• Purchases

• Indirect Material

Mfg. Overhead

• Indirect Material

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Flow of Costs in Job Costing
Next lets add labor costs and applied
manufacturing overhead to the job order cost
flows. Are you with me?
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Flow of Costs in Job Costing
Work in Process(Job Cost Sheet)
Labor

• Direct Labor

• Direct Material

• Direct Labor

• IndirectLabor

• Overhead Applied

Mfg. Overhead

• Indirect Material

• OverheadApplied to Work inProcess

• IndirectLabor

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Closing Under- or OverappliedManufacturing
Overhead
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Flow of Costs in Job Costing
Now lets complete the goods and sell them.
Still with me?
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Flow of Costs in Job Costing
Work in Process(Job Cost Sheet)
Finished Goods

• Direct Material

• Cost ofGoodsMfd.

• Cost ofGoodsMfd.

• Cost ofGoodsSold

• Direct Labor

• Overhead Applied

Cost of Goods Sold

• Cost ofGoodsSold

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Process Costing

• Used for production of small, identical,
  low-cost items.
• Mass produced in automated continuous
  production process.
• Costs cannot be directly traced to each unit
  of product.

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Comparing Job and Process Costing

• Job Costing
• Custom orders
• Heterogeneous products
• Low production volume
• High product flexibility
• Low to medium standardization

• Process Costing
• Repetitive production
• Homogeneous products
• High production volume
• Low product flexibility
• High standardization

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Job and Process Costing
The Work in Process account consists of
individual jobs in job costing.
DirectMaterials
FinishedGoods
DirectLabor
Jobs
FactoryOverhead
Cost per unit for each job
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Job and Process Costing
The Work in Process account consists of specific
processes in process costing.
DirectMaterials
FinishedGoods
DirectLabor
Processes
FactoryOverhead
Cost per unit processed
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Job and ProcessCosting Similarities
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Work in Process Accounts The Key to Process
Costing
Direct
Materials
Work in ProcessAssembly
Indirect
Work in ProcessPackaging
FinishedGoods
FactoryOverhead
AppliedOverhead
Indirect
DeliveredtoCustomers
Direct
Labor
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Computing Unit Cost

• Costs are accumulated for a period of time by
  process or department.

Unit cost is computed by dividing the
accumulated costs by the number of units
produced in the period.
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Computing Unit Cost
Costs are accumulated for a period of time by
process or department.
Unit cost is computed by dividing the
accumulated costs by the number of units
produced in the period.
If partially complete units remain in process,
we must use equivalent units as the divisor to
obtain unit costs.
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Computing and Using Equivalent Units of Production

• Equivalent units is a concept expressing a
  number of partially completed units as a smaller
  number of fully completed units.

Two one-half full pitchers are equivalent to one
full pitcher.
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Question
For the current period, PencilCo started
15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving
5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How
many equivalent units of production did PencilCo
have for the period? a. 10,000 b. 11,500 c.
1,500 d. 15,000
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Question
For the current period, PencilCo started
15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving
5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How
many equivalent units of production did PencilCo
have for the period? a. 10,000 b. 11,500 c.
1,500 d. 15,000
10,000 units (5,000 units .30) 11,500
equivalent units
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Cost Per Equivalent Unit
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Question
Now assume that PencilCo incurred 27,600 in
production costs. What was PencilCos cost per
unit for the period? a. 1.84 b. 2.40 c. 2.76
d. 2.90
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Question
Now assume that PencilCo incurred 27,600 in
production costs. What was PencilCos cost per
unit for the period? a. 1.84 b. 2.40 c. 2.76
d. 2.90
27,600 11,500 equivalent units 2.40 per
equivalent unit
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Equivalent Units
40 ofMaterial
Equivalent units may be different for material
and labor and overhead at different stages of a
process.
Stage 1
25 ofLabor andOverhead
At completion of Stage 1 of the process,
materialis 40 complete, but labor and overhead
are only25 complete.
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Equivalent Units
60 ofMaterial
40 ofMaterial


100
Stage 2
Stage 1
25 ofLabor andOverhead
25 ofLabor andOverhead


50
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Equivalent Units
60 ofMaterial
40 ofMaterial
Stage 3
Stage 2
Stage 1
50 ofLabor andOverhead
25 ofLabor andOverhead
25 ofLabor andOverhead
The process is now complete.
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Process Costing andEquivalent Units
Owl Inc uses FIFO process costing in its
Fabrication Department where a product called
Strata is made.
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Process Costing andEquivalent Units
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Process Costing andEquivalent Units
Material is added at thebeginning of the process
soit is always 100 complete.
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Process Costing andEquivalent Units
Overhead is applied on the basis of labor, so
both are at thesame percentage of completion.
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Physical Flow of Units
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Computing EquivalentUnits of Production
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Computing EquivalentUnits of Production
Since materials are added at the beginning of the
process, no additional materials are necessary to
complete the beginning inventory.
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Computing EquivalentUnits of Production
100,000 units completed and transferred.

100,000
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Computing EquivalentUnits of Production
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Computing EquivalentUnits of Production
Since labor and overhead were 40 percent complete
in the beginning inventory, 60 percent of the
work must be completed in April.
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Computing EquivalentUnits of Production

100,000Transferred
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Computing EquivalentUnits of Production
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Process Costing andEquivalent Units
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Cost per Equivalent Unit
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Cost Reconciliation
We will account for all costs incurredby
assigning unit costs to the A. 100,000 units
completed and transferred. B. 20,000 units
remaining in ending work in process inventory.
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0.12 0.48 0.50 1.10
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Activity-Based Costing (ABC)
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Activity-Based Costing (ABC)

• One of the most difficult tasks in computing
  accurate unit costs lies in determining the
  proper amount of overhead cost to assign to each
  job.

I agree!
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Activity-Based Costing (ABC)
Activity-Based Costing
Departmental Overhead Rates
Level of Complexity
Plantwide Overhead Rate
Overhead Allocation
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Activity-Based Costing (ABC)
In the ABC method, we recognize that many
activities within a department drive overhead
costs.
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Activity-Based Costing (ABC)

• Identify activities and assign indirect costs to
  those activities.
• Central idea . . .
• Products require activities.
• Activities consume resources.

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The Benefits of ABC

• More detailed measures of costs.
• Better understanding of activities.
• More accurate product costs for . . .
• Pricing decisions.
• Product elimination decisions.
• Managing activities that cause costs.
• Benefits should always be compared tocosts of
  implementation.

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Identifying Cost Drivers

• Most cost drivers are related to either volume or
  complexity of production.
• Examples machine time, machine setups, purchase
  orders, production orders.
• Three factors are considered in choosing a cost
  driver
• Causal relationship.
• Benefits received.
• Reasonableness.

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Activity-Based CostingProcedures

• Identify activities that consume resources.
• Assign costs to a cost pool for each activity.
• Identify cost drivers associated with each
  activity.
• Compute overhead rate for each cost pool
• Assign costs to products

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Activity-Based Costing
Lets look at anexample comparingtraditional
costingwith ABC. We will start withtraditional
costing.
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Traditional Costing vs. ABCExample

• Pear Company manufactures a product in regular
  and deluxe models. Overhead is assigned on the
  basis of direct labor hours. Budgeted overhead
  for the current year is 2,000,000. Other
  information

First, determine the unit cost of each model
using traditional costing methods.
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Traditional Costing
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Traditional Costing
ABC will have differentoverhead per unit.
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Activity-Based Costing

• Pear Company plans to adopt activity-based
  costing. Using the following activity center
  data, determine the unit cost of the two products
  using activity-based costing.

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Activity-Based Costing
400 deluxe 800 regular 1,200 total
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Activity-Based Costing
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Activity-Based Costing
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Activity-Based Costing
Lets completethe table.
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Activity-Based Costing
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Activity-Based Costing
Total overhead 720,000 1,280,000
2,000,000Recall that 2,000,000 was the
original amount of overhead assigned to the
products using traditional overhead costing.
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Activity-Based Costing
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Activity-Based Costing
This result is not uncommon when activity-based
costing is used. Many companies have found that
low-volume, specialized products have greater
overhead costs than previously realized.
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Costs and Cost Drivers inActivity-Based Costing
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End of Chapter 17