Chapter 8 Artificial Intelligence

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Chapter 8Artificial Intelligence
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Artificial Intelligence

• AI is a group of related technologies used to
  develop software and machines that emulate human
  qualities such as learning, reasoning,
  communicating, seeing, and hearing
• Areas include
• Expert systems
• Natural language processing
• Intelligent agents
• Virtual reality and simulation devices
• Pattern recognition
• Fuzzy logic
• Robotics

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Artificial Intelligence

• Three components of an expert system
• Knowledge base
• An expert systems database of knowledge about a
  particular subject
• Inference engine
• The software that controls the search of the
  expert systems knowledge base and produces
  conclusions
• User interface
• The display screen the user used to interact with
  the expert system

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Artificial Intelligence

• Natural language processing
• Allows users to interact with a system using
  normal English
• Intelligent agents
• A form of software with built-in intelligence
  that monitors work patterns, asks questions, and
  performs work tasks on your behalf
• Pattern recognition
• Involves software that identify recurring
  patterns and maps the pattern against patterns
  stored in a database

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Artificial Intelligence

• Fuzzy logic
• A method of dealing with imprecise data and
  uncertainty, with problems that have many answers
  rather than one
• Virtual reality
• A computer-generated artificial reality that
  projects a person into a sensation of 3-D space
• Often used with simulators to represent the
  behavior of physical or abstract systems

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Artificial Intelligence

• Robotics
• The development and study of machines that can
  perform work that is normally done by people
• Commonly found in manufacturing plants and also
  in situations where people would be in danger
• Nuclear plants
• Assembly lines, especially paint lines
• Checking for land mines
• Fighting oil-well fires

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Artificial Intelligence

• Weak vs. Strong A.I.
• Weak A.I. claims computers can be programmed to
  simulate human cognition
• Strong A.I. claims that computers can think on a
  level that is equal to or better than humans, and
  can also achieve consciousness
• Cyc approach to strong A.I.
• A database in Austin, TX that holds 1.4 million
  basic truths
• Plan is that Cyc will automatically make
  human-like assumptions
• Hope is that Cyc will learn on its own
• Cog approach to strong A.I.
• MIT project that is a humanoid robot
• Tries to identify and search for patterns instead
  of following rules and facts

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Artificial Intelligence

• Test for Human Intelligence
• In 1950, Allen Turing predicted computers would
  be able to mimic human thinking
• The Turing test determines whether the machine is
  human
• Judge is in another location and doesnt see the
  computer
• If the computer can fool the judge, it is said to
  be intelligent
• Ethics in A.I.
• Prof. William Wallace from R.P.I. says that
  computer software is subtly shaped by the ethical
  judgments of its creators