Female Employment Structure Change in Chinese Economic Transition

1
Female Employment Structure Change in Chinese
Economic Transition
2
Research Background

• In China, the great changes have taken by the
  performance of reform and open policy, began at
  the end of 1970s. During the transition period,
  the great changes have happened in Chinese
  economy as following
• From the plan economy to market economy
• Economic structure adjustment, including
  industrial structure and ownership structure
• The barriers between urban and rural areas begin
  to loose
• Entrance of WTO.

3

• The performance of reform and open policy is the
  process of resources and benefit reallocation
  nationally and internationally. Labor factor, as
  one main factor, its employment structure must be
  changed with the economic structure changing.

4
Significance of female employment structure
changes

• The changes on female employment structure is
  closely related to the quality of female
  employment
• The female salary is influenced by the income
  disparity from industry, sector and occupation,
  especially in current China
• The working stability and social welfare is very
  different in different ownership system
• The different status can affect the female
  development room.

5
The purpose of this research

• Try to describe the female employment changes
  after the reformation and open policy by labor
  statistic data and census data. (What happened?)
• Try to explore the reasons causing these changes.
  (Why?)
• The policy implication is to enhance the gender
  employment in policy-making of economic
  transition. (How?)

6
Research Content

• changes on labor participation ratio
• changes on employment structure by industry
• changes on segregation by sector and
• occupation
• changes on ownership structure of employment
• changes on formal and informal department
• employment structure

7
Methodology
Mainly by comparative method -Changes of
employment structure from time -Changes of
employment structure from sex distribution.
8
Data Source
Population census and statistic
yearbooks -Population census(1982,1990,2000)
-Chinese labor statistic yearbook -Chinese
statistic yearbook Summary on statistic
data -Chinese women statistic data(1949-1989) -Ch
inese women statistic data(1990-1995)
9
Participant ratio (15-65) in different developed
countries
Data sourceILO,World Labor Report,2000.
10
Percentage distribution of industry composition
of employment
11
Sex distribution of industry composition of
employment
12
Changes on industry structure
13
Changes on industry employment structure
14
The changes by industry
In this period, Chinese industrial structure
engage in fierce changing. The share of the gross
output value in the primary, secondary and
tertiary is changing from 352 in 1980 to around
133 in 2000. The changes in industrial
structure must lead to the changes of employment
structure. The share of employment in the
primary, secondary and tertiary is changing from
721 in 1982 to 522 in 2000. Especially in the
later 10 years, the share of the primary
employment is decreasing by 10 percentage point,
the share of the tertiary employment is
increasing by 9 percentage point with the share
of secondary employment is increasing slightly.
15

• This change in employment structure is reflected
  differently for male and female labor market.
  From 1982 to 2000, comparing with 13 percentage
  point for male, the share of female primary
  employment is decreasing by 5 percentage points,
  and is lower 8 percentage points. The share of
  female secondary employment is increasing by 3
  percentage points with the instant male share.
  For the tertiary employment, both are similar.
• The result is that the share of the different
  industry is closer for female and male, but the
  share of the female employment in primary is
  still be quite high(73) and larger than male.

16
Percentage distribution of sector composition of
employment ()
17
Sex distribution of sector composition of
employment
18
The changes by sector
From the percentage distribution, except
farming,forestry,animal husbandryfishery,
mining, construction and scientific
researchpolytechnical service, the shares of
female employment in other sectors are increasing
differently. The biggest is wholesaleretailtrade
catering,services,storage(4.5 percentage point)
and manufacturing(3 percentage point). The
biggest decreasing is farming,forestry,animal
husbandryfishery(5 percentage point), lower than
males(14 percentage point). It is noted that
the female employment share of the traditional
female favor sector is still increasing, and so
is male. From the sex distribution of employment
as result, during the 20 years, _the share
decreasing sectors construction,
transportation, post telecommunication, real
estate, social service, scientific
researchpolytechnical service _the share
increasing sectors farming,forestry,animal
husbandryfishery, mining, productionsupply of
electricity,gaswater, manufacturing,
wholesaleretailtradecatering,services,storage,
health care,sports,social welfare education,cultur
eart,filmTV, finance and insurance, government,
party agenciessocial organizations
19
Percentage distribution of occupation composition
of employment
20
Sex distribution of occupation composition of
employment
21
The changes by occupation
From the analysis of occupation employment
percentage distribution, the share of farming is
more decreasing, and the share of workers in
transportation is decreasing slightly, and other
shares are increasing, the ranking is following
workers in commercial and service(6 percentage
point), professional(2 percentage point),
staff(1percentage point). It is noted that the
share of farming is still be 70, main part in
the female employment, and other lower rank
accounts for 24, the share of higher rank, the
government, parties, social organization,
enterprisesinstitutions head and professional
and technical personnel is 7 only. From the
sex distribution, the female share, except
transportation workers, are all increasing, even
higher than males, the shares employment in
service and farming are closer, but staff and
head shares are different, especially the head
share difference is 5times.
22
DUNCAN INDEX
23
RESULT OF DUNCAN INDEX
24
Implication of the index
It shows that the Duncan index by sector is
increasing, and the Duncan index by occupation
was increasing in the first 10 years, and
decreasing in the recent 10 years. It means that
the gender disparity by sector is expanding, and
the gender disparity by occupation was narrower
at the beginning and wider in the current years.
25
Comparison of Duncan Index by sector
26
Comparison of Duncan Index by occupation
27
Occupation composition within sectors in 2000 ()
28
Occupation composition within sectors in 2000 ()
29
Main points

• Main findings are as following
• In the different sector, the female occupation
  distribution is different.
• The lower technology the sector own, the more
  intensive on the lower rank for female
  employment. For example, farming, commercial
  service, and social service.
• The higher technology the sector own, the female
  employment scatter in the different rank. For
  example, education, culture, art.
• In any sector, as the most important person, the
  proportion of male head is always higher than
  female, especially in the sector with the lower
  technology.

30
Staffworkers employment composition by ownership
Unit10,000
31
Staffworkers employment composition by ownership
32
Main points
In the 20 years period, from the phase mainly in
state-owner unit with supplement of
collective-owned unit to the phase mainly in
state-owner unit with multi-ownership unit.
After 1995, the employment in the state-owner
unit and collective-owned has decreased sharply,
and multi-employment patterns are growing, and
the non-public-owned employment is increasing
rapidly. In this period, the share of the female
employment in the nation-owned is increasing
slightly, but the proportion of male and female
is keeping instantly 21 for collective-owned
unit 11, and non-public-owned employment 11
33
Formal informal employment amount in urban area
Unit10,000
34
Main finding
It shows that the proposition of female
employment in the informal unit is higher than
male, and is increasing, but the gap is changing
to narrow.
35
Preliminary Results

• With the industry structure changing, the female
  employment structure is changing. The share of
  the primary industry is decreasing, and the share
  of the secondary and tertiary industry is
  increasing. Even the share gap of the male and
  female is narrow in the industries, the share of
  the female primary industry is still be higher
  than male.
• Within 20 years, the gender gap of the sector
  employment has enlarged, the gender of the
  occupation employment had narrowed in the first
  10 years and enlarged again in the second 10
  years. And in the different sectors, the female
  occupation distribution is different.
• Changing employment structure led by the changing
  of the ownership structure, and multi-employment
  structure, the share of the informal female
  employment unit is higher than male. This can
  influence the stability of the female employment.

36
Further Research

• Factors analysis leading to the changes of female
  employment structure
• Detailed policy implication will be submitted.
• Comparative analysis within the transition
  economies.