Math Vocabulary Words

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Math Vocabulary Words

• 4th Grade CRCT PREP

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SUM

• To find the sum, I need to add.
• 18 25 43

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DIFFERENCE

• To find the difference, I need to subtract.
• 38 - 15 23

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QUOTIENT

• To find the quotient, I need to divide.
• 100 5 20

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PRODUCT

• To find the product, I need to multiply.
• 2 x 3 6
• 15 5 x 3

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RAY
A line with a starting point but no end point
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Line Segment
A section of a line with 2 end points
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Parallel Lines
Lines that are equal distance apart
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Perpendicular Lines
Lines that intersect at a 90 degree angle
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Parallelogram
A quadrilateral with 2 pairs of parallel sides
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Trapezoid
A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides
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Rhombus

• Parallelogram with four equal sides and equal
  opposite angles

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Quadrilateral

• A polygon with four sides

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Pictograph

• A pictograph is a graph that uses symbols to
  represent data.

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Line Graph

• A graph that uses points connected by lines to
  show how something changes in value

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Ordered Pair

• Set of values that show an exact position.

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Coordinate Plane

• A plane containing two perpendicular axes (x and
  y).

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Rotation

• A circular movement. There is a central point
  that stays fixed and everything else moves around
  that point in a circle.

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Degree

• A measure for angles. There are 360 degrees in a
  full rotation.

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Improper Fractions

• An improper fraction is a fraction where the
  numerator (the top number) is greater than or
  equal to the denominator (the bottom number).

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Fraction

• Part of a whole.

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Mixed Fractions

• A mixed fraction is a whole number and a fraction
  combined into one "mixed" number

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4th Grade Science CRCT Vocabulary
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acceleration

• A change in the speed or direction of an object's
  motion

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adaptation

• A body part or behavior that helps an animal meet
  its needs in its environment

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air mass

• A huge body of air which all has similar
  temperature and moisture

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air pressure

• Particles of air pressing down on the Earth's
  surface

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amplitude

• A measure of the strength of a sound wave shown
  by height on a wave diagram

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anemometer

• An instrument used to measure wind speed

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atmosphere

• The layer of air that surrounds our planet

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axis

• An imaginary line that runs through both poles of
  a planet

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barometer

• An instrument that measures air pressure

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camouflage

• An animal's color or pattern that helps it blend
  in with its surroundings

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climate

• The average temperature and rainfall of
• an area over many years

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community

• All the populations that live in the same area

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condensation

• The process by which water vapor changes from a
  gas to liquid

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conservation

• The careful management and wise use of natural
  resources

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constellation

• The pattern formed by a group of stars in the sky

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consumer

• A living thing that eats other living things for
  energy

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decomposer

• A living thing that feeds on the wastes of plants
  and animals or on their remains after they die

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echo

• A sound reflection

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ecosystem

• Groups of living things and the environment they
  live in

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effort force

• The force put on one part of the bar when you
  push or pull on a lever

EFFORT FORCE
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energy pyramid

• A diagram that shows how much food energy is
  passed from one organism to another along a food
  chain

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environment

• Everything that surrounds and affects an animal,
  including living and nonliving things

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evaporation

• The process in which a liquid changes to a gas

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food web

• A diagram that shows how food chains connect and
  overlap

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force

• A push or pull

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friction

• A force that keeps objects that are touching each
  other from sliding past each other easily

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front

• The border where two air masses meet

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fulcrum

• The fixed point, or point that doesn't move, on a
  lever

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gas

• The state of matter that has no definite shape
  and takes up no definite amount of space

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gas giants

• The planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
  which are large spheres made up mostly of gases

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gravity

• A force that pulls all objects toward each other

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habitat

• An environment that meets the needs of an
  organism

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hibernation

• A period when an animal goes into a long, deep
  "sleep"

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humidity

• The amount of water vapor in the air

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hygrometer

• A tool to measure moisture in the air

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inclined plane

• A flat surface with one end higher than the other

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inner planets

• The planets closest to the sun Mercury, Venus,
  Earth, and Mars

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instinct

• A behavior that an animal begins life with

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lever

• A simple machine made up of a bar that turns
  around a fixed point

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liquid

• The state of matter that takes the shape of its
  container and takes up a definite amount of space

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loudness

• A measure of the amount of sound energy reaching
  your ear

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mass

• The amount of matter something contains

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matter

• Everything in the universe that has mass and
  takes up space

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migration

• The movement of a group of one type of animal
  from one region to another and back again

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mimicry

• An adaptation in which an animal looks very much
  like another animal or an object

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motion

• A change of position

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niche

• The role or part played by an organism in its
  habitat

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opaque

• Reflecting or absorbing all light no image can
  be seen

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orbit

• The path that an object such as a planet makes as
  it revolves around a second object

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outer planets

• The planets farthest from the sun Jupiter,
  Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto

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phase

• One of the different shapes the moon seems to
  have as it orbits around Earth

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planet

• A large object that moves around a star

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population

• A group of the same species living in the same
  place at the same time

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position

• A certain place

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precipitation

• Water that falls to Earth as rain, snow, sleet,
  or hail

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prism

• A solid object that bends light not a lens

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producer

• A living thing, such as a plant, that makes its
  own food

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pulley

• A simple machine made up of a rope or chain and a
  wheel around which the rope fits

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reflection

• The bouncing of light off an object

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refraction

• The bending of the path of light when it moves
  from one kind of matter to another

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relative motion

• A motion that is described based on a frame of
  reference

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revolution

• The movement of any object in an orbit, such as
  Earth moving around the sun

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rotation

• The motion of a planet or other object as it
  turns on its axis

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satellite

• An object that moves around another object in
  space the moon is a satellite of Earth

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screw

• An inclined plane wrapped around a pole

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shelter

• A place where an animal is protected from other
  animals or from the weather

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simple machine

• The basic machines that make up other machines

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solar energy

• The energy given off by the sun

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solar system

• A group of objects in space that move around a
  central star

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solid

• The state of matter that has a definite shape and
  takes up a definite amount of space

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sound

• A series of vibrations that you can hear

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sound wave

• A moving pattern of high and low pressure that
  you can hear

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speed

• A measure of an object's change in position
  during a unit of time for example, 10 meters per
  second

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star

• A huge, burning sphere of gases for example, the
  sun

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telescope

• A device people use to observe distant objects
  with their eyes

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temperature

• A measure of the average energy of motion of the
  particles in matter

SLOW
FAST
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translucent

• Allowing some light to pass through blurry image
  can be seen

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transparent

• Allows most light to pass through clear image
  can be seen

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water cycle

• The constant recycling of water on Earth

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wavelength

• The distance from one compression to the next in
  a sound wave

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wedge

• A machine made up of two inclined planes placed
  back-to-back

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weight

• A measure of the force of gravity upon an object

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wheel and axle

• A simple machine made up of a large wheel
  attached to a smaller wheel or rod

WHEEL
AXLE
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work

• That which is done on an object when a force
  moves the object through a distance

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• 4th Grade Reading/LA CRCT Vocabulary Words

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Topic Sentence
Topic (main idea) subject that people write,
think or talk about.
A TOPIC SENTENCE tells the main idea of the
paragraph.
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Words to help students do well on the CRCT.

• Topic Sentence
• Paragraph
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• Glossary and Narrator

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Paragraph

• paragraph- a group of sentences that are about
  the same idea.

Paragraphs usually begin on a new line and are
indented.
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Title Page
Title page- a page at the front of the book that
gives the title and the name of the author and
publisher of the book.
Can you find the Title Page in every book you
read?
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Table of Contents

• Table of contents- a page at the front of a book
  that lists the chapter names and the pages of
  where to locate each chapter in the book.

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glossary
glossary a list of hard words at the end of a
book that tells the definitions or explanations
of each word.
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narrator

• narrator a person who tells a story.
• Narrate - to give a continuous account or details
  of an event

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persuade

• persuasive paragraph- a paragraph that tries to
  win you over to one side. To persuade is to argue
  your point. Persuasion is a firm belief.

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inform

• inform- a paragraph or story written to give
  knowledge of something.
• (Something told or facts learned.)
• Factual information written in a paragraph.

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entertain
entertain- a paragraph or story that that is
pleasing, amusing, or interesting to read.
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Essential Question

• What are the 3 purposes an author has for
  writing? (Remember PIE)
• P.I.E.- to persuade, inform and entertain.

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What are the (4)four types of sentences?

• Interrogative
• Declarative
• Imperative
• Exclamatory

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Interrogative

• interrogative- a sentence that asks a question

Who read for one hour last night?
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Imperative
imperative a sentence that gives an urgent
command
Stop in the name of the law.
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Declarative

• declarative a sentence that tells you something
  and ends with a period.

Jabril is going to attend Duke University and
become a doctor.
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Exclamatory
exclamatory a sentence that shows excitement
and ends with an exclamation mark . (!)
Hurrah! We are all members of the 100 Club!
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noun

• noun - a word that names a person, place or
  thing.

boy, girl, dog, dress, coin, book, school, store,
key,
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pronoun

• pronoun a word used in place of a noun

they, you, we, I, she, he, it
She loves to receive parent notes.
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adverb

• adverb- a word that tells how, when and where
  something happened.

Mrs. Mason spoke loudly to the students.
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conjunction
conjunction- a word that connects words, phrases,
clauses or sentences. (and, but, though and if
are conjunctions.)
I like hot dogs and pizza.
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What are transition words that can be used in a
paragraph?
First, next, finally, then, later,. In addition
to , In conclusion.
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EXTRANEOUS means

• EXTRANEOUS
• extra words, details or sentences that are not
  needed in a piece of writing

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UNTIL
OUT
THROUGH
ACROSS
Prepositions
AMONG
DURING
BETWEEN
OVER
FROM
INTO
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• 1) Do you like to play hide-and-go-seek?
• 2) My favorite place to hide is under the kitchen
  table.
• 3) If someone is already there, I usually try in
  the bathroom closet.
• 4) If there is not enough room in the closet, I
  will crawl under my bed.

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Here is a list of commonly used prepositions
across after among at before between by during for
over round since through to under until up with
from in into like near off on out opposite
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Five easy rules for correct quotation punctuation!

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Sentence StructureIndependent Clause

• A complete sentence has two components, a subject
  and a verb.
• The subject and verb must form a complete thought
  to be considered an independent clause.

The couple dances.
The couple dances. subject (S) verb (V)
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Sentence StructureCompound Sentence

• Conjunctions
• for
• and
• nor
• but
• or
• yet
• so

• A sentence that contains two independent clauses
  joined by a coordinating conjunction is called a
  compound sentence.
• A conjunction joins words, phrases, and clauses
  together in a sentence.

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Sentence StructureCompound Sentence

• The comma in a compound sentence is placed before
  the coordinating conjunction.
• Andy built a snowman, and Jeff played with his
  dog.

S V conj. Andy
built a snowman, and Jeff played with his
dog. S V
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Sentence StructureCompound Sentence

• Where would you place the comma in the following
  sentence?

Dan struggled with his homework, so his father
helped him. S V conj. S
V
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What is a Synonym?

• A Synonym is a word that has almost the same
  or similar meaning
• Cold - Chilly
• Vacant - empty
• Big - Huge

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What is an Antonym?

• Antonyms are words that mean the opposite of
  another word.
• Hot - Cold
• Short Tall
• Big - Little

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A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of
a root word.
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A prefix changes the meaning of a word.
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A suffix is a word part added to the end of a
root word.
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A suffix also changes the meaning of a word.
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Homophones
Sound alike
Spelled differently
Different meanings
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See/Sea
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ELEMENTS OF FICTION

• Authors Purpose
• Setting
• Character
• Plot
• Point of View
• Symbolism
• Style
• Mood
• Theme

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Authors Purpose

• An authors reason for creating a particular
  work is called the authors purpose. Sometimes
  the author will state his or her purpose up
  front. Other times youll need to make inferences
  (reasonable guesses) about the authors purpose.
• There are four basic reasons an author might
  choose to write
• to explain or inform
• to entertain
• to persuade
• to enlighten or reveal an important truth

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Setting
If you could talk about the where and when of a
story, what youre really talking about is the
storys setting. Understanding a storys
setting can give you a context for the events of
the plot. It can also give you clues about the
mood, or atmosphere, of a story.
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• CHARACTER
• A character is a person, an animal, or an
  imaginary creature that takes part in the action
  of a story. Sometimes the author will directly
  describe a characters appearance, personality,
  or feelings. Other times the author will leave
  clues and expect you to draw conclusions about
  what the person or animal is like.

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Plot

• PLOT
• Plot is the action of a story. It is the series
  of related events that the author describes from
  the beginning of the story to the end. Most plots
  follow a chronological order. In other words,
  they proceed in the order in which the events
  happen.

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Style

• Style is the way writers express their ideas.
  Its how they say something, not what they say.
  Style involves these three elements
• Word choice
• Sentence structure and length
• Literary devices, such as figurative language,
  symbols, dialogue, and imagery

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Theme

• A writers message, or main point, is the theme
  of his or her literary work. Looking for a theme
  helps you look more deeply into the literature
  and makes for more enjoyable reading.
• You will need to infer what the theme is from the
  works title, key scenes, characters, symbols,
  and plot events.

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What is a fable?

• A fable is a very brief story in prose or in
  verse that teaches a moral or a practical lesson
  about how to succeed in life.

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What is a Folk Tale?

• A folk tale is a story with no known author.
  Folk tales are passed down from one generation to
  another by word of mouth.

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POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY

• POET
• The poet is the author of the poem.

• SPEAKER
• The speaker of the poem is the narrator of the
  poem.

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POETRY FORM

• A word is dead
• When it is said,
• Some say.
• I say it just
• Begins to live
• That day.

• FORM - the appearance of the words on the page
• LINE - a group of words together on one line of
  the poem
• STANZA - a group of lines arranged together

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RHYTHM

• The beat created by the sounds of the words in a
  poem
• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme,
  alliteration and refrain.

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FREE VERSE POETRY

• Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT
  have any repeating patterns of stressed and
  unstressed syllables.
• Does NOT have rhyme.

• Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds
  like someone talking with you.
• A more modern type of poetry.

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RHYME

• Words sound alike because they share the same
  ending vowel and consonant sounds.
• (A word always rhymes with itself.)

• LAMP
• STAMP
• Share the short a vowel sound
• Share the combined mp consonant sound

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ALLITERATION

• Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of
  words
• If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
  how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

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SIMILE

• A comparison of two things using like, as than,
  or resembles.
• She is as beautiful as a sunrise.

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METAPHOR

• A direct comparison of two unlike things
• Her eyes were stars.

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Hyperbole

• Exaggeration often used for emphasis.
• Example Im so hungry, I could eat a horse!

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Idiom

• An expression where the literal meaning of the
  words is not the meaning of the expression. It
  means something other than what it actually says.
• Ex. Its raining cats and dogs.

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SYMBOLISM

• When a person, place, thing, or event that has
  meaning in itself also represents, or stands for,
  something else.

• Innocence
• America
• Peace

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Social Studies PowerPoint

• CRCT Prep/ Year Review

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The First Americans

• A long time ago North America was very different
  from the way it is today. There were no
  highways, cars, or cities. There were no
  schools, malls, or restaurants. But even long,
  long ago, there were still communities. A
  community is where a group of people live and
  have fun together. People made their own homes,
  food, and clothing from the plants and animals
  they found around them, or natural resources.
  These first Americans descended, or came from
  cave men of Asia. These were the first people to
  live in North America. That is why we call them
  Native Americans. These people have lived in
  North America for thousands of years, and there
  are still Indian communities today.

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Cultural Regions of North America
Tribes of Native Americans

• Northwest Coast
• Kwakiutl
• Southwest
• Hopi
• Nez Perce
• Great Plains
• Pawnee
• Eastern Woodland
• Seminole
• Arctic
• Inuit

Cultural Regions
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Northwest Kwakiutl

• There were plenty of fish, especially salmon.
  There were also deer and bears.
• There was wood to build houses and to make tools.
  
• People traveled by water.
• Outside each house stood a wooden pole called a
  totem pole. Each totem pole was carved with each
  familys history.

Northwest Coast
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Southwest Hopi and Pawnee

• They lived in Pueblos-adobe houses of many rooms
  next to or on top of one another.

• Water was not in abundance. The Hopis used
  springs from under the ground and from rain
  showers to water their crops.

Southwest
172
Great Plains Pawnee

• Indians known as The Plains lived in the Great
  Plains.
• Buffalo was the most important natural resource
  of the Plains Indians.
• Indians of the Great Plains lived in tepees.
• The Plains Indians were hunters.
• Buffalo provided these Indians with their basic
  needs, food, clothing, and shelter.

Great Plains
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Eastern Woodlands Seminole

• The Eastern Woodlands region covered the east
  coast of what is today known as the United
  States, west to the Mississippi River. It also
  included parts of southern California.
• These Indians depended on the natural resources
  around them for all of their basic needs.
• Because these Indians lived in the forests, they
  were called the Eastern Woodland Indians.

Eastern Woodlands
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Arctic Inuit

• Lived in the Northern Region.
• They used all their resources to make food
  clothing and shelter.
• These Native Americans hunted for food and used
  the animal skins for clothing in the winter.

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Christopher Columbus

• Sailed west to Indies
• Landed on the Bahamas
• Sailed for Spain (King Ferdinand and Queen
  Isabella)

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Ferdinand Magellan

• Searched for passage to Pacific Ocean
• Sailed through straits of Magellan
• First to circumnavigate the world

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John Cabot

• Sailed for England
• Landed on coast of Newfoundland
• Gave England claim to North America

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Ponce de Leon

• 1st to land on the mainland of North America
• Looking for fountain of youth
• Established St. Augustine, Florida

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Vasco Nunez Balboa

• Spanish Explorer
• Claimed Pacific Ocean and adjoining lands for
  Spain

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Henry Hudson

• Explored the Northwest Passage
• Hudson River was named for him.
• English explorer to the new land.

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Jacques Cartier

• He sailed for France.
• Cartier was looking for a water route to Asia.
• He explored the area in the north and in Canada.

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When the Colonies were Founded

• Virginia (1607)
• Massachusetts (1620)
• New York (1626)
• Maryland (1633)
• Rhode Island (1636)
• Connecticut (1636)
• Delaware (1638)
• New Hampshire (1638)
• North Carolina (1653)
• South Carolina (1663)
• New Jersey (1664)
• Pennsylvania (1682)
• Georgia (1732)

183
The New England Colonies

• Massachusetts
• Rhode Island
• Connecticut
• New Hampshire

184
The Middle Colonies

• New York
• Delaware
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania

185
The Southern Colonies

• Virginia
• Maryland
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia

186
Virginia

• Founded by the London Company (John Smith).
• Great place to grow tobacco, wheat, and corn.

187
Massachusetts

• Founded originally as two different colonies
  Plymouth Colony in 1620 by the Pilgrims, and
  Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 by the Puritans.
  The two colonies were united in 1691. (John
  Winthrop)
• Great for fishing, growing corn, and raising
  livestock.
• Also, great place for lumbering and shipbuilding.

188
New York

• Founded by the Dutch West India Company and was
  known as New Netherland. It was renamed in
  1664 when the English took control. (Peter
  Minuit)
• Area was great for shipbuilding and iron works.
• Also, a good place to grow grain, rice, indigo,
  and wheat and to raise cattle.

189
Maryland

• Land was granted to Lord Baltimore.
• Great land to grow corn, wheat, rice, and indigo.
• Also a good place for shipbuilding and iron works.

190
Rhode Island

• Settled by two different Massachusetts groups and
  was united in 1644. (Roger Williams)
• Rhode Island was a great place for raising
  livestock, dairy, and fishing.
• It was also a good area for lumbering.

191
Connecticut

• Founded by settlers originally from Massachusetts
  and other colonies. Was named New Haven Colony
  in 1638 and soon renamed Connecticut. (Thomas
  Hooker)
• Great land for growing wheat and corn and for
  catching fish.

192
Delaware

• Originally settled by the Swedes, but taken over
  by the Dutch in 1655. Then England took control
  in 1664. Finally, in 1682, the land was granted
  to William Penn. (Peter Minuit)
• Great area for fishing and lumbering.

193
New Hampshire

• Originally part of Maine, but became its own
  colony in 1629. Then from 1641-1643, it became
  part of Massachusetts. Finally, in 1679 it
  became its own colony again. (John Wheelwright)
• Great place to manufacture textiles and for
  shipbuilding.
• It also, had good land for growing potatoes and
  the water surrounding it was great for fishing.
• Named for the county of Hampshire in England.
• Officially became a state on June 21, 1788.

194
North Carolina

• Settled by members of the other colonies.
  Granted a private company in 1663 and divided
  into two colonies in 1711.
• Great place to grow indigo, rice, and tobacco.
• Name came from the Latin word carolus, meaning
  Charles.
• Officially became a state on November 21, 1789.

195
South Carolina

• Originally part of the Carolina Colony.
  Separated in 1711, and became a Royal Providence
  in 1729.
• Like North Carolina it had great land for growing
  indigo, rice, tobacco, and cotton.
• South Carolinas land could also support the
  raising of cattle.
• Like North Carolina, the name came from the Latin
  word carolus, meaning Charles.
• Officially became a state on May 23, 1788.

196
New Jersey

• Originally settled by the Dutch, but in 1644 it
  was taken over by England.
• Great place for ironworking and lumbering.

197
Pennsylvania

• Settled by the Dutch and Swedes, but England took
  control in 1664. Then it was granted to William
  Penn by Charles II in 1681.
• Great place to grow and raise wheat, corn,
  cattle, and dairy.
• Also known as a place for papermaking,
  shipbuilding, and textiles.

198
Georgia

• Granted a private company by George II in 1732
  and was settled a year later in Savannah. (James
  Oglethorpe)
• Great land for growing indigo, rice, and sugar.

199
The Boston Massacre (March 5,1770)

• It started with the colonists throwing
  snowballs.
• A shot was fired and 5 colonists were killed.

200
Committees of Correspondence
Purpose ? warn neighboring colonies
about incidents with Br. ? broaden the
resistance movement.
201
Tea Act (1773)

• British East India Co.
• Monopoly on Br. tea imports.
• Many members of Parl. held shares.
• Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to cols.
  without col. middlemen (cheaper tea!)
• North expected the cols. to eagerly choose the
  cheaper tea.

202
Boston Tea Party (1773)

• The Parliament passed the Tea Act which angered
  the colonists.
• They did not want to pay the Tea Tax so they
  rebelled and dumped the tea into the harbor.

203
The Coercive or IntolerableActs (1774)
1. Port Bill
2. Government Act
3. New Quartering Act
Lord North
4. Administration of Justice Act
204
First Continental Congress (1774)
55 delegates from 12 colonies
Agenda ? How to respond to the Coercive Acts
the Quebec Act?
1 vote per colony represented.
205
The British Are Coming . . .
Paul Revere William Dawes make their midnight
ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British
soldiers.
206
The Shot Heard Round the World!

• This was the first battle of the Revolutionary
  War.

Lexington Concord April 18,1775
207
The Second Continental Congress (1775)

• This is where the colonists decided to create a
  Continental Army to fight in the war.
• The British would still not give the colonies
  freedom.
• Olive Branch Petition was written as a peace
  agreement between the colonies but King George
  III would not accept it.

208
Thomas Paine Common Sense

• This was a pamphlet published to promote freedom
  in the colonies.
• Thomas Paine wrote about the mistreatment of the
  colonies and how they should fight for freedom
  from Britain.

209
Declaration of Independence (1776)

• Thomas Jefferson and 3 other men wrote this
  document to declare their freedom from Britain.
• Jefferson wrote that all men had equal rights in
  this document.

210
New National Symbols
211
Britain believed that ______________ had legal
authority in the colonies, while the colonists
believed their local assemblies had legal
authority.
Parliament
212
The colonists believed they should not be taxed
since they had no _________________ in Parliament.
representation
213
Patrick Henry inspired other patriots when he
spoke out against _________ without
________________.
His famous phrase
give me liberty or give me death.
214
What document expresses the reasons for colonial
independence?
Declaration of Independence
215
It was written by a Virginia hero
Thomas Jefferson
216
The Declaration of Independence states that the
authority to govern belongs to the ________
rather than to kings.
people
217
The Declaration of Independence states that all
people are created equal and have the right to
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
218
The army fighting for independence was the
_________________ army.
Continental
219
patriots
220
loyalist
221
neutral
222
Some slaves fought for the English because they
were promised
freedom
223
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224
The capital was moved from Williamsburg to
Richmond
225
The British army surrendered after the American
victory at
Yorktown
226
And the United States of
America was born!
227
KING GEORGE III

• George III became King of Great Britain in 1760
  during the Seven Years' War
• He saw the loss of the American colonies in the
  War of Independence
• George III took the throne at the age of 22.
• His abilities were limited and he was poorly
  suited for the rigorous demands of being the
  king.
• It is believed that he suffered from a hereditary
  disease which would cause long periods of
  insanity which lasted until his death in 1820.

228
GEORGE WASHINGTON

• George Washington was the first president of the
  United States.
• He served two terms from 1789-1797.
• He is called the Father of Our Country.

229
REVOLUTIONARY WAR

• The United States fought England in the
  Revolutionary War.
• The Revolutionary war was from 1775-1783.

230
COMMANDER

• George Washington was the Commander of the
  military forces during the American Revolution.

231
Ben Franklin's Life

• 1730 Ben marries

• 1737 Poor Richards Almanac

Timeline
232
Thomas Jefferson
-Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of
Independence
-Invented plow, lap desk and a machine that could
figure out codes
-Thomas Jefferson was president
-Before presidency Thomas was a vice president to
John Adams
-1803, bought a huge area from France attached it
to the U.S
233
The Declaration Of Independenceby, Thomas
Jefferson

• The Congress was working on a document called the
  Declaration of Independence. They recognized Tom
  as a excellent writer. So he wrote in 17 days
  and when he turned it he grew ranks, he turned
  into vice president to John Adams The Declaration
  of Independence is now one of the most famous
  documents in the United States. It holds the
  government together

234

• WHO JOHN ADAMS
• 1735-1826
• He was one of four men elected to represent the
  Massachusetts Bay Colony at the First and Second
  Continental Congresses.
• He was the first Vice President of the United
  States.
• He was the second President of the United States,
  1797-1801.
• He was the first President to live in the newly
  built White House. Upon his second night in the
  White House, he wrote to his wife, "May none but
  honest and wise Men ever rule under this roof."
• He wrote most of the state constitution of
  Massachusetts, which was acclaimed, for its
  specific bill of rights. Many other states used
  features of Adams documents in writing their own
  states' constitutions.
• He died on July 4, 1826, on the same day that
  Thomas Jefferson died.

235
Benedict Arnold
He was loyal to the Patriots and became a general
in 1777.
Arnold left the country and fled to England.
Traitor! He became a British spy, and also sent
vital military information to the British for
money.
He died on June 14, 1801 in England, but was
buried in his American uniform.
He wanted to turn over Stony Point to the
British, and almost got caught!
236

• Patrick Henry
• Born in Hanover County, Virginia in 1736
• Homeschooled
• Obtained law license in 1760
• He argued that a king who would veto a law
  passed by a locally elected legislature was "a
  tyrant who forfeits the allegiance of his
  subjects." This was the beginning of his struggle
  to ensure independence for the 13 Colonies.
• Elected to Virginia House of Burgesses
• Wrote numerous speeches throughout his lifetime
• He ended this famous speech with the words "I
  know now what course others may take but as for
  me, give me liberty or give me death."

237
Three Branches of our US Government
238
Separation of Powers 3 Branches of Government
Executive (carries out laws)
Judicial (evaluates laws)
President
Legislative (makes laws)
Supreme Court
Cabinet
Congress
Vice President
House of Representatives
Senate
239
Legislative Branch
makes laws
Congress
Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.
House of Representatives
Senate
Determined by population of each state
2 Senators per state
New York has 29 representatives in the House
240
Legislative Branch makes laws
Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.
Congress
House of Representatives
Senate
241
Executive Branch
carries out laws
President Barak Obama
Vice President Joe Biden
242
Judicial Branch
evaluates laws
United States Supreme Court
(top row, left to right) Stephen Breyer, Clarence
Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Samuel Alito
(bottom row, left to
right) Anthony Kennedy, John Paul Stevens, Chief
Justice John Roberts, Antonin Scalia, David Souter
243
Maximum of two four-year terms
President
Supreme Court
Judicial
Executive
Lifetime appointments
Terms of Service
Legislative
Legislative
Congress House of Representatives
Congress Senate
Unlimited two-year terms
Unlimited six-year terms
244
Louisiana Purchase

• Louisiana Purchase (1803-1804)
• Purchased By Thomas Jefferson from France
  (Napoleon Bonaparte)
• France needed money for war (15 million)
• Doubled the size of U.S.

245
Lewis and Clarks Expedition

• Thomas Jefferson Sent Lewis Clark to explore
  the land and learn about Native Americans

246
(No Transcript)
247
(No Transcript)
248
Gold Rush- January 24, 1848

• The California gold rush began when gold was
  discovered at Sutters Mill
• As the news of discovery spread, some 300,000
  people came to California from the rest of the
  United States and abroad

249
Gold Rush

• These early gold
• seekers called 49ers
• traveled to California by
• sailing ships and
• covered wagons across
• the continent.

250
Elizabeth Cady StantonWho was she?

• Suffragist-Womens Rights Advocate
• Led convention at Seneca Falls

251
The Underground Railroad

• Harriet began her work in the Underground
  Railroad because she wanted to save members of
  her own family.
• Harriet is believed to have helped over 300
  people to freedom.

www.courier-journal.com/.../
252
Sojourner Truth She was an abolitionist who
believed slavery wrong. At the end of the war she
acted as a consoler for newly freed slaves.
253

• Hi! My name is Stan and today I am going to
  teach you about economics. Economics is the
  study of the making, buying, and selling of goods
  or services.

254
What does barter mean?

• These days people usually use money to get what
  they want. Before there was money, people had to
  barter to get what they wanted. To barter means
  to trade.

255

• Some people were good hunters, some were
  craftsmen, and some were farmers. One person
  might have traded five rabbits for milk and eggs.
  Eventually people wanted something smaller to
  carry around as money. People started using
  coins, as well as paper money for trade.

256

• Yesterday, when I was walking through town, I
  decided to go to Bubbas Ice Cream. My friend
  Diana works there. Diana provides a service to
  me because she serves me ice cream. A service is
  any kind of work performed for others. The ice
  cream is a good. A good is something you can
  feel, or any kind of merchandise.

257

• Look at the pictures on the right. Which of
  these pictures show goods and which ones show
  services?

258
What is supply and demand?

• The supply of mint chocolate chip ice cream at
  Bubbas was gone because it was in high demand
  (wanted) by many customers. Look at the chart on
  the left to see what flavors are in supply at
  Bubbas Ice Cream.

259

• Scarcity means that there are limited resources,
  and therefore, people must make choices. Look at
  the pictures on the right. Which pictures show a
  scarcity?

260
What are producers and consumers?

• A consumer is anyone who buys a good or a
  service.
• A producer is anyone who makes or grows a good or
  performs a service.

261

• Opportunity cost is the process of choosing one
  good or service over another. The item that you
  dont pick is the opportunity cost. The rabbit
  is Saras opportunity cost and the skateboard is
  Andys opportunity cost.

262
What is a profit?

• Profit is the making of gain in business activity
  for the benefit of the owners of the business

263
What is a loss?

• A negative difference between retail price and
  cost of production

264
What is specialization?

• Specialization is when an individual or a company
  specializes in doing one part of a task, and
  relies on others to complete the other parts.

265
What are taxes?

• Taxes are the money that the government collects
  from individuals and businesses to pay for public
  goods and services.
• People also pay an income tax. An income tax is
  a percentage of money taken out of your income.

266
What is an entrepreneur?

• An entrepreneur is a person who comes up with a
  product or service, or a better way to produce
  one. He found the resources, the money, and the
  time to produce a new product.

267
What is free enterprise?

• Both popcorn stands lowered their prices because
  of free enterprise. Free enterprise means
  competition. Companies compete with one another
  to get the most customers, and therefore, make
  the most money. I decided to buy popcorn from the
  first popcorn stand, because their price was the
  lowest.

268
Income/Banking

• The money workers make is called income, or
  earnings.
• If you put your money in a savings account, the
  bank will pay you a small amount of money, called
  interest,
• on the amount you save. Your money stays safe
  and it grows! Banks also offer checking accounts.
  These allow people to pay for things like rent,
  electricity, groceries and
• other bills, using checks instead of cash.
  Writing a check can be safer and more convenient
  than carrying
• around a lot of cash.

269
Budgeting

• Budgets are personal plans for spending and
  saving income. Making a personal budget can help
  you plan wisely for spending your money.
• Plan how you will spend your money so you can buy
  what you need first and if theres money left
  over, you can save for the things you want. This
  is called making a budget a written plan for
  using your money.

270
Investing

• Purchasing something of value (for example,
  stocks or real estate) with the goal of earning
  money over time if the value increases.

271
Natural Resources

• Natural resources are substances we obtain from
  the land, water, and air around us.
• People use many of the Earth's natural resources.
  All of the products we use have a natural
  resource base. Minerals, forest products, water,
  and soil are just a few of the natural resources
  humans use to produce energy and make things
  people use.

272
Renewable Resources

• Some natural resources can be reproduced within a
  few years or decades. These are called renewable
  resources. Trees, water, plants, and air are
  examples of renewable resources.

273
Non-renewable Resources

• Underground minerals must be
• mined or dug up from the earth.
• Some of these minerals are gold, silver, salt,
  iron, diamonds, petroleum and coal.
• Oil, minerals, and soil take hundreds, thousands
  and even millions of years to be made. These are
  called non-renewable resources.