Translation Tutorial

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Translation Tutorial
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2
Translation
ribosome
ribosome
ribosome

• Translation takes place at the ribosome and its
  the process of the ribosomes creating proteins
  from smaller amino acids. How did we get to the
  ribosome? Lets review.

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3
Transcription Review
BACK
CELL NUCEUS
ribosome

• A process called transcription starts in the
  nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase
  splits the DNA molecule.

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NEXT
4
Transcription Review
BACK
CELL NUCEUS
AUG CCA UAU GGC UAA GCA
ribosome
NEXT

• A process called transcription starts in the
  nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase
  splits the DNA molecule.
• Next, free floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the
  open DNA molecule.
• Once finished, the mRNA breaks away and exits the
  nucleus. The mRNA will then join a ribosome. Now,
  the process of translation will begin.

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next
5
Translation Process
BACK
ribosome

• The ribosome will read 3 mRNA nucleotides at a
  time. The 3 mRNA nucleotides are called a codon.
  Each codon will match for the delivery of a
  specific amino acid.
• Remember that amino acids link together to create
  a single protein.

Click to see the codons
It took scientists many years of experimentation
to learn which codon creates which amino acid.
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The Genetic Code
BACK
Find AUG This code calls for the delivery of the
amino acid called methionine. Give it a click.
This table is the same for almost every organism
on Earth. In the chart above, click on the AUG
codon.
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AUG codon
BACK
Find CCA This code calls for the delivery of the
amino acid called proline. Give it a click.

• Correct! Whenever an AUG codon is read by the
  ribosome, the amino acid called METHIONINE will
  be delivered to the ribosome. Notice how the
  chart says start codon below methionine? This
  also means that the codon AUG will activate the
  ribosome to start the process of making a
  protein.
• Click on the CCA codon.

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CCA codon
BACK
Find the Stop Codons These codes tells the
ribosome to stop making a protein. Give one a
click.

• Correct! Whenever a CCA codon is read by the
  ribosome, the amino acid called PROLINE will be
  delivered to the ribosome. This process will
  continue until a Stop codon is read by the
  ribosome. This is how the ribosome knows that a
  protein is finished.
• Click on any of the STOP CODONS.

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Transfer RNA
BACK
Amino Acid serine

• Correct! Stop codons tell the ribosome to stop
  making a protein.
• So whoor whatis delivering these amino acids?
  In the cytoplasm, there are countless amino acids
  and other molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA).
  tRNA will pick up the proper amino acid and
  deliver it to the ribosome.

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Amino acid proline
next
Amino Acid methionine
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Watching the Process
BACK

• The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will
  begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click
  on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to
  the ribosome? Hint Examine the Genetic Code
  chart on your handout to find the 1st codon.

choices
Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off
methionine and the ribosome moves to the next
codon.
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
next
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino acid methionine
Examine the chart on your handout. Find the AUG
code. AUG methionine
1st codon
ribosome
11
Watching the Process
BACK

• The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will
  begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click
  on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to
  the ribosome? Hint Examine the Genetic Code
  chart on your handout to find the 1st codon.

choices
Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off
methionine and the ribosome moves to the next
codon.
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
next
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino acid methionine
ribosome
12
Watching the Process
BACK

• The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will
  begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click
  on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to
  the ribosome? Hint Examine the Genetic Code
  chart on your handout to find the 1st codon.

choices
Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off
methionine and the ribosome moves to the next
codon.
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
Click on the next amino acid to be delivered.
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Examine the chart on your handout. Find the CCA
code. CCA proline
Amino acid methionine
2nd codon
ribosome
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Watching the Process
BACK

• Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid
  proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the
  ribosome.

next
Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and
exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon.
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
next
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid proline
Amino acid methionine
ribosome
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Watching the Process
BACK

• Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid
  proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the
  ribosome.

Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and
exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon.
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
next
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid proline
Amino acid methionine
ribosome
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Watching the Process
BACK

• Click on the amino acid which will be the 3rd
  delivered to the ribosome.

Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves
down a notch.
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
next
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid tyrosine
Examine the chart on your handout. Find the UAU
code. UAU tyrosine
Amino acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
ribosome
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Watching the Process
BACK

• Click on the amino acid which will the 3rd
  delivered to the ribosome.

Examine the chart on your handout. Find the GGC
code. GGC glycine
Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves
down a notch.
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
Click on the amino acid that will be 4th
delivered.
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid tyrosine
Amino acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
ribosome
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Watching the Process
BACK

• Yep GGC is the codon for the amino acid GLYCINE.
  Transfer RNA will deliver glycine to the ribosome.

Now what happens?
next
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
tRNA exits
mRNA reads the DNA
DNA helix splits
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
This already happened.
This already happened.
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid glycine
Amino acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid tyrosine
ribosome
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Watching the Process
BACK

• You got it!

Examine the next codon and click the proper
choice from the table below.
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid glycine
Examine the chart on your handout. Find the UAA
code. UAA stop codon
Amino acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid tyrosine
ribosome
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Watching the Process
BACK

• STOP! This protein is finished. The ribosome and
  mRNA will break apart. How many amino acids long
  is this finished protein?

Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine,
glycine
One
choices
Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine,
glycine
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
Two
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine,
glycine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
Three
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
Four
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine,
glycine
Five
Amino acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid glycine
Amino Acid tyrosine
ribosome
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BACK
Amino acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid glycine
Amino Acid tyrosine
1
2
4
3

• This protein is only 4 amino acids in length. In
  reality, they are often thousands of amino acids
  in size. This finished protein will now by used
  by the cell or exported by which organelle of the
  cell?

Creates ATP molecules
mitochondria
Golgi body
Transports ribosomes around the cell
Rough ER
Performs photosynthesis to make sugar
Chloroplast
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Final Review
BACK

• Good memory.
• Review 1 Which process creates the mRNA that is
  read by the ribosome?

Replication
Transcription
Translation
This process creates more DNA
This process creates proteins
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Final Review
BACK

• Correct!
• Review 2 What does tRNA deliver to the ribosome?

mRNA
DNA
Proteins
Amino acids
DNA holds the information to make a protein
mRNA contains the codes needed to make a protein
Proteins are the final product. What are their
smaller parts called?
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Final Review
BACK

• Correct!
• Review 3 Which molecule directly determines
  which amino acid transfer RNA delivers to the
  ribosome?

Messenger RNA
DNA
RNA Polymerase
The Nucleus
This molecule indirectly holds the code to make
an amino acid
This enzyme splits DNA during transcription
The nucleus only stores the DNA
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Final Review
BACK

• Correct!
• Review 4 Where does the process of translation
  take place?

At the ribosome
Inside the nucleus
Inside the Golgi body
Inside the vacuole
This is where transcription happens
This is where proteins go before they are
exported from the cell
The vacuole holds food and water
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Final Review
BACK

• Correct!
• Review 5 If the DNA code was TTC-AAT-GGC,
  perform transcription to determine the mRNA code.

DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA A DNA C with RNA
G DNA G with RNA C
AAG-TTA-CCG
TTC-AAT-GGC
DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA A DNA C with RNA
G DNA G with RNA C
AAG-UUA-CCG
DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA A DNA C with RNA
G DNA G with RNA C
UUG-TTA-UCG
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Final Review
BACK

• Correct!
• Review 6 If the mRNA code is AAG-UUA-CCG, which
  three amino acids are going to be delivered to
  the ribosome?

LYSINE CYSTEINE - ASPARAGINE
LEUCINE - PROLINE - VALINE
LYSINE LEUCINE - PROLINE
SERINE METHIONINE - GLUTAMIC ACID
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Correct!I hope this tutorial was helpful. This
will be posted on my website for you to review at
any time. Turn in your handout. Feel free to
start over if you would like to do some review.
BACK
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-UUA-CCG
AAG

• I will help you get started. The first codon is
  AAG. Find AAG on the mRNA codon chart. AAG codes
  for lysine. This is the amino acid that tRNA will
  deliver.

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