Organic Macromolecules

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Organic Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

A macromolecule is a larger molecule (polymer)
built by putting together smaller single units
(monomers).
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Carbohydrates

• Main source of energy for living things
• Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for
  structural purposes

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Carbohydrates fuel and building material

• Three types
• 1. monosaccharides
• 2. disaccharides
• 3. polysaccharides (macromolecule stage)
• Made up of C, H, and O
• Number of sugar molecules attached determines
  category
• mono- one
• di- two
• poly- more than two
• Glycosidic bonds attach the sugar monomers
  together

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Monosaccharides

• Are major sources of energy for cells
• Ex. Glucose cellular respiration
• Found in other carbohydrates as well as other
  organic macromolecules (amino and fatty acids)
• Most common monosaccharides glucose, fructose,
  galactose

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Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of
some monosaccharides
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Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

• Glucose made during photosynthesis
• main source of energy for plants and
  animals
• Fructose found naturally in fruits
• is the sweetest of monosaccarides
• Galactose found in milk
• is usually in association with glucose
  or fructose

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Diaccharide

• Disaccharide two monosaccharide bonded
  together.
• table sugar(sucrose) is made up of glucose and
  fructose bonded together,
• milk sugar(lactose) is made up of glucose and
  galactose

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Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis
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Polysaccharide

• Polysaccharide more than two monosaccharide
  bonded together by glycosidic bonds
• Serve as storage material or building material
• Storage (ex starch, glycogen)
• Structural (ex cellulose, chitin)
• A complex carbohydrate is a polysaccharide with
  12 or more monosaccharide units.
• Pasta and starches are polysaccharide
• Potatoes are a starch

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Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures 
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Chemical Identification of Carbohydrates

• Benedicts Test Identifies the presence of a
  MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to orange in
  the presence of heat
• Iodine Test Identifies the presence of a
  POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to
  purple/black
• Process of Elimination If there is no reaction
  with either the Benedicts or Iodine Tests, then
  a DISACCHARIDE is present.

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1. What are the three types of carbohydrates?
(give examples of each)2. What are
carbohydrates used for?3. What is a
polymer?4. What kind of bond attaches
carbohydrate monomers together?
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Lipids (fats and oils)

• Used to store energy
• Some lipids are important parts of biological
  membranes and waterproof coverings

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Lipid Structure

• Lipid molecules are made up of fatty acids and
  glycerol
• Unsaturated fat- a fat that contains at least one
  carbon-carbon double bond (it is liquid at room
  temperature)
• Saturated fat- a fat without one carbon-carbon
  double bond (solid at room temperature)

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Saturated fat
Unsaturated fat (oil)
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5. What is the molecular difference between a
saturated and unsaturated fat? 6. What are
lipids used for?7. What usually makes up a
lipid?
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Nucleic Acids

• Store and transmit hereditary or genetic
  information
• (RNA and DNA)
• RNA- ribonucleic acid
• DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
• DNA has a double helix structure

DNA
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Nucleic Acid Structure

• Nucleic Acids are made up of nucleotides bonded
  together (phosphodiester bond)
• Nucleotides consist of 3 parts
• 5-carbon sugar
• A phosphate group
• And a nitrogenous base

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8. What are the two types of nucleic acids? 9.
What are nucleic acids used for?10. What makes
up a nucleic acid?
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Proteins

• Proteins control the rate of reactions and
  regulate cell processes. (enzymes are proteins)
• Proteins are used to form bones and muscles
• Proteins transport substances into or out of
  cells or help to fight disease

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Protein Structure

• There are four levels of structure in a protein
• The primary structure of protein
• Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded
  together by peptide bonds

Amino acids
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• Protein Structure
• (1)Primary Structure- amino acid sequence in a
  polypeptide chain
• (2)Secondary Structure- polypeptide chains
  hydrogen bonded into a helix form
• (3)Tertiary Structure- one complete protein chain
  clumped up
• (4)Quaternary Structure- many protein lumps stuck
  together

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Amino Acid

• Amino Acids are compounds with an amino end (NH2
  and a carboxyl end (COOH)
• 20 different amino acids are commonly found in
  proteins

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11. What makes up a protein? 12. What is the
structure of a protein? 13. What kind of bond
does a protein have?
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Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

• Chemical Reaction- a process that changes one set
  of chemicals into another
• CO2 H2O ? C6H12O6 O2
• Energy is usually absorbed or released in a
  reaction

Reactants
Products
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Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

• Activation energy- energy needed to get a
  reaction started
• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological
  catalysts (speed up a reaction)

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Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

• Enzymes speed up a reaction by lowering the
  activation energy of a reaction
• Enzymes act as a site of a reaction and are not
  used up

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14. What is a chemical reaction? 15. What is
activation energy?16. What does an enzyme do?
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Carbon Macromolecules Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain