Types of Learning

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Types of Learning

• Habituation simple type progressive decrease in
  response.
• Classical conditioning classic S-R connective
  associations.
• Operant conditioning associations between
  response and reinforcement.
• Observational learning see and (may) do
  Reinforcement secondary to learning.

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Learning

• Alteration in behavior/understanding as result
  of an encountered experience.

• Excludes effects due to factors such as fatigue,
  drugs, maturation, disease, injury.

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Habituation

• Is a decrease in R (response) to a stimulus that
  is repeatedly presented.
• A two step process
• Orienting response attention is directed toward
  the object.
• Habituate a decrease in the orienting response.

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Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning

• Basic-- Unconditioned Response (reflex).
• UCS-- unconditioned stimulus (natural).
• UCR-- unconditioned response (elicited) by UCS).
• UCS----------------gtUCR.

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Classical Conditioning

• Conditioned Response-- pair a neutral stimulus
  with UCS.
• CS UCS? UCR
• Repeat pairing n times.
• CS?CR
• It is now a learned response.

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Associated Phenomena(Applies to Operant
Conditioning As Well)

• Extinction
• Spontaneous Recovery

• Stimulus Generalization
• Stimulus Discrimination additional learning

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Arrangement Effects Acquisition

• Delayed UCS------------------gtUCR
  CS------------------------
• Trace UCS ----------gtUCR CS-------
• Simultaneous UCS------------------gtUCR CS
  ------------------
• Backward UCS------ CS
  ----------gtUCR

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Operant Conditioning

• First identified by Thorndike in law of effect--
  responses which produce satisfying results
  strengthen stimulus-response (S-R) connections.
• Puzzle box-- cats.

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Operant Conditioning

• B.F. Skinner
• Skinner Box
• Operant-- an emitted response R S(box)
  R-----gt reinforcer R
• repeat n times
• S--------gtR (learned behavior)

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Reinforcement-- a Stimulus Which Increases
Probability of Response

• Constant/continuousbehavior reinforced for every
  correct response
• Leads to rapid acquisition

• Partial/intermittent
• Variation in reinforcement for each correct
  response
• Leads to increased resistance to extinction

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Partial/Intermittent

• Ratio-- based on number of responses
• Interval- based on time between responses

• Ratio or interval either schedule can be fixed
  or variable
• Fixed-- constant pattern
• Variable-- irregular pattern

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Reinforcement behavior is determined by its
consequences

• Positive reinforcement
• when added (by that R), strengthens occurrence
  of R.

• Negative reinforcement
• when removed (by that R), strengthens the
  occurrence of R

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Both have effect of increasing occurrence of R

• Positive
• Praise
• Money
• Tokens (token economy)
• candy/food

• Negative
• Withdrawal of shock nagging anxiety

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Punishment

• -- Elimination of R (outcome of R is
  unfavorable).
• Transient effect.
• Produces anxiety, stress, dislike of punishing.
• Effects less predictable.

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Reinforcement vs. Punishment

• Reinforcement acquisition.
• Punishment elimination.
• The behavior results in
• Positive add or introduce element.
• Negative element is withdrawn.

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Reinforcement vs. Punishment

• Reinforcement behavior produces ST desirable.
• Punishment behavior produces ST undesirable.
• - Reinforcement behavior produces ST desirable.
• - Punishment behavior produces ST undesirable.

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Reinforcement vs. Punishment

• Positive
• Rein increased probability acquisition.
• Pun decreased probability of repetition.
• Negative
• Rein increased probability acquisition.
• Pun decreased probability of repetition.

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Observational Learning

• Model (acting) observer learned R.
• Occurs w/o reinforcement. Reinforcement may
  facilitate performance (not learning).
• Bobo doll aggressive behavior.
• Some watched, others did not Later were
  frustrated in same room.

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Observational Learning

• Results
• Similar, but 3 IV conditions live
  model filmed model cartoon model
• DVs amount aggressive behavior specificity of R

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Processes

• Attention
• Retention
• Motor reproduction
• Motivation

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Reciprocal Determinism

• Interaction cause-effect model of behavior
• P (beliefs, motives, disposition)
• E (rewards, structure)
• B (behavior of P)
• Each interact with the other to produce behavior