GENDER AS FACTOR DIFFERENTIATING EDUCATIONAL PATHS AND PROFESSIONAL CAREERS Renata Siemienska

1
GENDER AS FACTOR DIFFERENTIATING EDUCATIONAL
PATHS AND PROFESSIONAL CAREERSRenata Siemienska
2
Population aged 15 and more a by educational
level 1988-2002 (N, )
Specification 1988 1988 1988 1988 1995 1995 1995 1995 2002 2002 2002 2002
Specification Total in thousands T W M Total in thousands T W M Total in thousands T W M
Grand total 28269 b 100,0 100,0 100,0 29881b 100,0 100,0 100,0 32435 100,0 100,0 100,0
Tertiary 1838 6,5 5,9 7,2 2041 6,8 6,4 7,3 3204 10,2 10,4 9,3
Post-secondary 469 1,6 n/a n/a 763 2,6 3,9 1,1 1024 3,3 4,6 1,6
Secondary, total 6980 24,7 28,4 20,6 7350 24,6 27,5 21,5 9185 29,4 30,4 26,0
Secondary vocational n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 6383 20,4 18,7 20,6
Secondary general n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2802 9,0 11,7 5,4
Basic vocational 6666 23,6 16,3 31,5 7742 25,9 18,6 33,9 7540 24,1 16,9 30,1
Primary 10961 38,8 41,5 35,8 10058 33,7 35,8 31,3 9652 28,1 31,4 28,0
Incomplete primary and without school education 1721 6,1 7,5 4,5 1893 6,3 7,7 4,8 1180 2,8 4,3 3,0
Unknown educational level 102 0,4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 652 2,1 2,0 2,0
a For 1988, data of the National Census, concerns
the population aged 15 and more for 2002, data
of the Population and Housing Census, b In the
numerator data concerns the population aged 15
and more. Source 1988 - GUS, Rocznik
Statystyczny 1991, page 44 1995 - GUS, Rocznik
Statystyczny 1997, page 97 2002 - GUS, Rocznik
Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Warszawa
2004, page 196.
3
Net enrolment in 1992 1996 by sex.
Years Level of education Level of education Level of education Level of education Number of students b Number of students b
Years Primary Primary Secondary a Secondary a Per 1000 persons in age 15y or more Per 1000 persons in age 15y or more
Years females males females males females males
1992 96,8 97,4 80,1 73,3 17 17
1993 96,9 97,5 81,6 73,3 20 19
1994 96,9 97,3 82,6 75,8 24 21
1995 97,0 97,3 84,2 76,2 28 24
1996 97,3 97,5 84,7 76,8 33 27
a Without schools for adults, b Only students of
higher education institutions. Source Raport o
rozwoju spolecznym Polska 1998 Dostep do
edukacji. Warszawa UNDP, p. 114.
4
Net enrolment in 2004/2005 by sex ()

• Without foreigners
• Source Unpublished data GUS 2005

5
Table Pupils and students of primary and junior
and upper high schools in 2004/05 by gender and
urban rural areas (N,)
primary schools junior high schools basic vocational schools a secondary general b secondary vocational schools c
Total Total Total Total Total
Total 2723661 1648677 239239 747716 815547
Urban areas 1594451 1086734 223878 722287 734787
Rural areas 1129210 561943 15361 25429 80760

Urban areas 58,54 65,92 93,58 96,60 90,10
Rural areas 41,46 34,08 6,42 3,40 9,90
Women 48,59 48,22 28,86 60,17 44,86
Men 51,41 51,78 71,14 39,83 55,14
Women Women Women Women Women
Urban areas 58,48 65,95 94,44 96,78 89,86
Rural areas 41,52 34,05 5,56 3,22 10,14
Men Men Men Men Men
Urban areas 58,60 65,89 93,23 96,32 90,29
Rural areas 41,40 34,11 6,77 3,68 9,71
a post- primary vocational schools and post
junior high schools vocational schools b post-
primary amd post- junior high schools c post
primary secondary vocational schools and
post-junior secondary vocational schools, upper
secondary specialised schools, and art upper
secondary schools with vocational
diploma. Source unpublished data GUS, Warszawa
2005.
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Population with tertiary education 2002 (20 V
2002) (T,)
Grand total Total Ph.D. or higher MA, BA physician etc Engineer BA
In thousands In thousands In thousands In thousands In thousands In thousands
Poland 38230 3204 108 2277 819
Women 19714 1756 38 1322 396
Men 18516 1448 70 955 423
Tertiary education 100 Tertiary education 100 Tertiary education 100 Tertiary education 100 Tertiary education 100 Tertiary education 100
Poland x 100 100 100 100
Women x 55 35 58 48
Men x 45 65 42 52
Source Narodowy Spis Powszechny2002, GUS.
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Students of higher education institutions by
study system 1990/91 - 2004/05 (in thousands)
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Students of higher education institutions by
study system 1990/91 - 2004/05 (in thousands)
cont.
Source 2001 i 2003 Szkoly wyzsze i ich finanse
1999, 2001, 2003, GUS 1990 -2000 Rocznik
Statystyczny RP 1995, 2000, GUS 2004/05 -
Unpublished data GUS 2005
9
Students of non-state higher education
institutions 1992, 1995, 2001, 2003 and 2004/05
(in )

• 2004/05 - without foreigners
• Source Szkoly wyzsze w roku 1992/93, Szkoly
  wyzsze w roku 1995/96, Szkoly wyzsze i ich
  finanse w 2001 r., Szkoly wyzsze i ich finanse w
  2003 r., unpublished data GUS 2005

10
Students of higher education institutions by
fields of education, of women in total 1962
1999.
Fields of education 1962/3 1970/1 1985/6 1994/5 1995/6 1996/7 1997/8 1998/9
Education science and teacher training - 70 - 85 85 84 80 78
Arts, humanities 59 75 75 71 71 71 69 70
Health, social services 60 66 62 65 65 67 69 70
Social science, journalism, business and administration, law 41 64 50 57 48 57 58 60 61 62
Agriculture, forestry and fishery 31 43 45 53 54 55 56 56
Life science, physical science, mathematics and statistics 59 60 61 61 61 60 52 54
Others - - - 29 33 33 42 47
Services - - - 27 32 32 39 41
Engineering and engineering trades, manufacturing and processing 14 25 20 21 21 22 22 21
Source Szkoly wyzsze i ich finanse 1993, 1997,
1998, 2000, Warszawa GUS, and Siemienska 1990
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Table Students of higher education institutions
by fields of education and gender in 2004/2005 ()
Fields of education Total Total Total
Fields of education total Men Women
Total 100 44 56
Education science and teacher training 13 29 71
Humanities 8 29 71
Arts 1 36 64
Social and behavioral science 14 35 65
Business and administration 38 62
Law 3 47 53
Journalism and information 1 29 71
Life science 1 19 81
Physical science 2 44 56
Mathematics and statistics 1 37 63
Computing 5 87 13
Health 4 23 77
Social services 0 16 84
Engineering and engineering trades 8 82 18
Manufacturing and building 1 52 48
Architecture and building 3 63 37
Agriculture, forestry and fishery 2 47 53
Veterinary 0 35 65
Personal services 3 37 63
Environmental protection 3 48 52
Transport services 1 86 14
Security services 0 73 27
Source GUS, unpublished data for school year
2004/5 Life science includes biology, botany,
biochemistry, toxicology, genetics,
zoology. Physical science includes astronomy,
physics, chemistry, geology.
12
Doctor degrees awarded in 1980 - 2003 by sex (in
)

• Source 1980 - dane Ministerstwa Nauki,
  Szkolnictwa Wyzszego i Techniki
• 1985 - dane Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa
  Wyzszego
• - dane Centrum Informacji Naukowej, Technicznej i
  Ekonomicznej
• 1991 - 2002 - dane Osrodka Przetwarzania
  Informacji (OPI)
• Nauka i technika w 2002, Warszawa, GUS 2004, p.
  190
• 2003 Szkoly wyzsze i ich finanse w 2003 roku,
  Warszawa, GUS 2004, p. 79.

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Habilitated doctor degrees awarded in 1980 - 2003
by sex (in )

• Source 1980 - dane Ministerstwa Nauki,
  Szkolnictwa Wyzszego i Techniki
• 1985 - dane Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa
  Wyzszego
• - dane Centrum Informacji Naukowej, Technicznej i
  Ekonomicznej
• 1992 - 2002 - dane Osrodka Przetwarzania
  Informacji (OPI)
• GUS, "Nauka i Technika w 2002 r.", Warszawa GUS
  2004, p. 191
• 2003 Szkoly wyzsze i ich finanse w 2003 roku,
  Warszawa GUS 2004, p. 79.

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Titles of professor awarded in 1991 - 2003 by sex
(in )
Source dane Kancelarii Prezydenta
Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, za GUS, "Nauka i
Technika w 2002 r.", Warszawa 2004, s. 191
15
Promotions according to academic field
Figure Habilitated doctor degrees granted in
2000 - 2002 according to academic field and
gender (). Source OPI calculations. On the
other hand, the percentage of women among those
receiving the professor title in years 2000-2002
(chart 2) has increased in all of the compared
fields.
Figure Professor title granted in years
2000-2002 according to gender and academic field
() Source OPI calculations
16
Research Productivity of Full Professors (study
2003) and of Young Scientists (study 2005)
Table Number of publications (means )
Young scientists Young scientists Full Professors Full Professors
Men N440 Women N431 Men N417 Women N467
Number of publication in Poland 8.4 (8.3) 8.5 (10.2) 11.4 (13.9) 12,6 (20.2)
Number of publication abroad 1.4 (2.9) 1.0 (2.5) 4.64 (7.46) 3.43 (5.22)
Number of publication in Poland and abroad total 9.8 (9.4) 9.5 (10.9) 16.0 (16.7) 16.1 (21.0)
In brackets standard deviations
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Table Scientific publications of Young
Scientists in Poland within the last two years
according to gender and scientific field (means).

Biology Biology Economics Economics Physics Physics Social sciences Social sciences Medicine Medicine Agricultural sciences Agricultural sciences Technology Technology
M W M W M W M W M W M W M W
(G) (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) (M) (N) (O) (P) (Q) (R) (S) (T)
Total 45 51 67 73 32 20 83 96 45 49 78 85 87 56
Scientific books (including course books, textbooks) 0.4 Q 0.2 0.6 Q 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.9 KOQS 1.0 R 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
Scientific books edited 0.1 Q 0.1 0.4 JOQS 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 GKOQS 0.3 JPR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Articles in scientific books 0.9 0.9 3.6 GKOQ 5.1 HPRT 0.9 1.2 4.1 GKOQS 4.6 HPRT 1.0 0.9 0.6 1.4 2.7 GKOQ 1.5
Articles in scientific periodicals 5.1 6.2 4.7 3.9 3.7 5.0 4.0 3.8 9.0 GIKMS 7.6 JNT 8.5 GIKMS 7.0 JNT 3.9 3.9
Reports from research financed by grants 1.3 MQ 0.9 R 1.4 MQ 0.9 R 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.6 1.2 PQ 0.6 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.8
small base very small base (under 30)
ineligible for sig testing. The letters show
significant differences between columns
18
Figure Research Productivity of Full Professors according to age and gender (means of total number of publications) (study 2003)
Figure Research Productivity of Young Scientists (30-41 years old) according to age and gender (means of total number of publications) (study 2005)
19
Table Support of men and women (supervisors,
colleagues, collaborators) to others according to
young scientists and full professors ( of those
who received)
support of men for support of men for support of women for support of women for
Received by young scientists (study 2005) Men Women Men Women
help in writing scientific paper/book 60 54 34 43
help in getting grant/stipend 39 33 16 17
help in getting position 38 34 15 16
help in arranging scientific stay abroad 28 20 9 12
support of men for support of men for support of women for support of women for
Received by full professors (study 2003) Men Women Men Women
help in writing scientific paper/book 42 35 22 23
help in getting grant/stipend 42 35 15 14
help in getting position 34 27 9 12
help in arranging scientific stay abroad 57 44 16 16
20
Table Perception of gender inequality by Full
professors 2003 and Young scientists (30-40 y
old) 2005 (in )
Profe-ssors (2003) Profe-ssors (2003) Young scien-tists (2005) Young scien-tists (2005)
Men occupy top positions in society because Men Women Men Women
(1) women prefer men to occupy top positions 50 57 48 63
(2) women lack specific training 82 78 74 86
(3) women are isolated in a predominantly male environment 23 38 22 37
(4) women are prevented from reaching the top 27 35 23 37
(5) due to how women are reared 42 48 34 45
(6) women lack informal contacts 21 38 14 28
Situation in academe
(1) women are accepted as professors in my field 97 96 87 88
(2) women are accepted as heads of research teams 95 89 84 82
(3) women are accepted in top university positions 91 64 73 58
(4) women have to achieve more than men to receive recognition in my field 19 56 19 47
(5) power in academic milieu is mainly based on informal contacts 28 35 42 44
Answers strongly agree and agree or
strongly disagree and disagree depends on
the question. Study on full professors
conducted in 2003, on young scientists in 2005
21
Women among academic teachers in Poland and EU by
fields of education 1998 2002 ()
Year Agriculture, forestry and fishery Agriculture, forestry and fishery Engineering and engineering trades Engineering and engineering trades Humanities Humanities Health Health
Year W M W M W M W M
Poland 2000 34 66 16 84 35 65 44 56
Poland 2001 34 66 16 84 34 66 44 56
Poland 2002 34 66 16 84 35 65 44 56
EU 25 1998 30 70 15 85 37 63 38 62
EU 25 1999 32 68 15 85 38 62 39 61
EU 25 2000 34 66 18 82 39 61 40 60
EU 25 2001 36 64 19 81 39 61 41 59
EU 25 2002 37 63 19 81 40 60 42 58
22
Women among academic teachers in Poland and EU by
fields of education 1998 2002 () (cont.)
Year Life science, physical science, mathematics and statistics, computing Life science, physical science, mathematics and statistics, computing Social and behavioural science Social and behavioural science Others Others
Year W M W M W M
Poland 2000 35 65 40 60 35 65
Poland 2001 35 65 40 60 32 68
Poland 2002 35 65 40 60 30 70
EU 25 1998 24 76 35 65 38 62
EU 25 1999 25 75 35 65 40 60
EU 25 2000 26 74 38 62 40 60
EU 25 2001 28 72 40 60 43 57
EU 25 2002 28 72 40 60 43 57
23
Desired tertiary (university) education for
daughter 2004 (women N 520, men N 473) for
each category.
Age Total Primary Vocational, uncompleted secondary Secondary, post-secondary, uncompleted tertiary Tertiary education
women women women women women women
18-24 77 79 85
25-44 78 62 79 97
45-64 79 71 67 85 97
65 and more 73 73 69
total 77 71 67 81 97
Men Men Men Men Men Men
18-24 83 69 100
25-44 73 71 62 77 92
45-64 76 70 70 88 84
65 and more 79 80 81 68
total 76 74 68 84 89
N10 Source CBOS, Aktualne problemy I
wydarzenia (167) IV 2004
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JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AND THEIR LIFE
ASPIRATIONS IN 2006
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Table Family structure of junior high school
students and their exam results in math- natural
science part in 2006 (random sample ) (N,)
Total - 15 points 16-20 points 21-26 points 27-32 points 33-50 points
Total 1551 276 18 254 16 315 20 233 15 351 23
with mother and father 1230 79 70 76 78 85 85
with mother without father 260 17 22 20 17 13 13
with father without mother 24 2 3 1 3 0 1
without parents 54 3 7 4 4 2 1
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Table Parents education and the exam results
of junior high school students in math- natural
science part in 2006 (random sample ) ()
Total Up to 15 points Up to 15 points Up to 15 points 16 20 points 16 20 points 16 20 points 21 26 points 21 26 points 21 26 points 27 32 points 27 32 points 27 32 points 33 50 points 33 50 points 33 50 points
Total total boys girls total boys girls total boys girls total boys girls total boys girls
Total A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
Total 1551 276 18 129 8 147 9 254 16 117 8 137 9 315 20 153 10 161 10 233 15 111 7 122 8 351 23 168 11 183 12
Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother
Primary completed 148 10 16 GJM 16 EHKN 17 O 12 M 7 16 O 9 M 6 12 O 9 M 7 11 O 4 4 4
Basic vocational 374 24 30 M 29 N 31 O 28 M 23 N 31 O 28 M 28 N 28 O 27 M 24 N 30 O 15 13 16
Secondary vocational 326 21 17 17 16 23 18 27 C 19 20 18 21 20 21 26 AG 24 28 CI
Secondary general 150 10 7 6 7 11 15 B 7 12 A 9 14 C 11 12 10 10 10 10
Unified masters 196 13 3 2 5 7 A 8 B 7 10 A 8 B 11 C 9 A 9 B 8 26 ADGJ 27 BEHK 26 CFIL
I dont know 165 11 15 M 18 N 12 FIO 10 17 N 4 11 M 17 N 6 12 M 14 9 6 8 4
Father Father Father Father Father Father Father Father Father Father Father Father Father Father Father Father Father
Primary completed 123 8 13 M 11 EHN 14 O 9 M 2 16 O 8 M 4 12 O 8 M 6 N 9 4 2 5
Basic vocational 494 32 35 M 34 N 35 O 37 M 34 N 40 O 37 M 35 N 40 O 33 M 29 37 O 22 23 22
Secondary vocational 349 23 13 11 16 21 A 24 B 18 19 19 20 27 AG 32 BH 24 31 ADG 29 BH 33 CFI
Secondary general 56 4 3 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 2 5
Unified masters 129 8 2 2 1 1 1 1 6 AD 5 E 6 C 6 AD 5 E 7 CF 21 ADGJ 24 BEHK 19 CFIL
27
Figure Economic activity of mothers and fathers
and exam results of junior high school students
in math-natural science part in 2006 (random
sample) ()
28
Figure Economic activity of mothers and fathers
and exam results of junior high school students
in math-natural science part in 2006 (random
sample) () - cont.
29
Figure Number of computers in students
households (students of junior high school with
the worst and the best exam results in
math-natural science part ) ()
30
Figure Number of mobile phones in students
households (students of junior high schools with
the worst and the best exam results in
math-natural science part ) 2006 ()
31
Figure Educational aspirations of male students
of junior high school with the worst and the best
exam results in math-natural science part and
their parents aspirations concerning boys
education 2006 ()
32
Figure Educational aspirations of female
students of junior high school with the worst and
the best exam results in math-natural science
part and their parents aspirations concerning
girls education 2006 ()