REGIONAL SLIDES

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REGIONAL SLIDES
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AFRICA

• Velingara, Senegal
• Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
• Flood in Mozambique
• Parrots Beak, Sierra Leone/Liberia
• Banjul, Gambia
• Tripoli, Libya
• Midrand, South Africa
• Lake Victoria, Uganda
• Mount Kenya, Kenya
• Tai National Park, Cote dIvoire

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AFRICA

• Itampolo, Madagascar
• Kisangani, D.R. of Congo
• Challawa Gorge Dam, Nigeria
• Lake Chad, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon
• Lesotho Highlands Water Project, Lesotho
• Lake Nakuru, Kenya
• Peanut Basin, Senegal
• Revane, Senegal
• Narok, Kenya
• Toshka Project, Egypt

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AFRICA

• Africa is a region of occurrences from tsunamis
  to droughts fires to floods and meteor impacts
  to epidemics and pandemics

• Between 1975 and 2005, the population more than
  doubled from 335 to 751 million and is predicted
  to reach 1.1 billion by 2025

• Currently Africas growth rate is at 2.2 per cent
  a year

• Total forest area of Africa is 5 683 131 km2
  Africa constitutes about 17 per cent of the
  world's forests Nigeria has the worlds highest
  deforestation rate

• 300 million Africans do not have access to safe
  water, about 313 million have no access to
  sanitation and over 88 million people are
  malnourished

• In Africa, agriculture provides livelihoods for
  about 60 per cent of the continent's active
  labour force, contributes to 17 per cent of
  Africa's total gross domestic product and
  accounts for 40 per cent of its foreign currency
  earnings

Sources FAO, Population Reference Bureau
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Meteor Impact in Velingara, Senegal
Velingara Crater appears to be a
meteor-impact-generated structure

• 1975 Image predates the agricultural development

• 2001 Intense agricultural systems have appeared
  near the center of the crater

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Disappearing Icecap of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Africas highest mountain with a forest belt
having rich diversity of ecosystems

• 1976 Glaciers covered most of the summit

• 2000 The glaciers had receded alarmingly

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Mozambique under Water
2000 Due to severe flooding, half a million
people were made homeless and 700 lost their
lives
22 August 1999 Mozambique under normal conditions
1 March 2000 Mozambique under water
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Impact of Civil Wars on Guinea
These images show impact of civil wars in Liberia
on neighboring Guinea

• 1974 Image of the Parrots Beak region in Guinea

• 2002 The light green color is the result of
  deforestation in the safe area where refugees
  set up camp

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Urban Sprawl in Banjul, Gambia
Images show urban sprawl and its impact

• 1973 Urban growth and expansion of cropland has
  led to decline in woodland

• 1999 Abuko Nature Reserve is an isolated patch
  of green in the 1999 image

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Undergoing Steady Urban Growth - Tripoli, Libya

• 1976 Grasslands have been converted into
  agricultural fields

• 2002 Urban expansion is especially notable
  (shades of grey)

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Industrializing Midrand, South Africa
Rapidly transforming city due to population
growth, agriculture, mining, and industry

• 1978 Surrounding area consists largely of
  agriculture

• 2002 High density urban development

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Impact of Invasive Species on Lake Victoria,
Uganda
These images show water hyacinth infestation and
control of such invasive species

• 1995 Image shows several water-hyacinth-choked
  bays (yellow arrows)

• 2001 A visible reduction of Water Hyacinth on
  Lake Victoria

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Population Growth Around Lake Victoria, Uganda

• The population growth around 100 km buffer zone
  of the Lake Victoria

• Population growth around Lake Victoria, East
  Africa, is the highest in Africa

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Worlds Fastest Growing Rural Area Lake
Victoria, Uganda
Note Figures for 2010 and 2015 are estimates.
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Population Growth Lake Victoria vs. Africa
Note Figures for 2010 and 2015 are estimates.
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Diversity in Mt. Kenya Ecosystems Kenya
These images show high diversity in ecosystems
and species

• 2000 The entire forest belt of Mount Kenya was
  gazetted as National Reserve

• 2002 The image shows significant improvement in
  the state of conservation of forests

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Tai National Park, Côte dIvoire site of
worlds highest deforestation rate
These images show deforestation rate in the area,
believed to be one of the highest in the world

• 1988 Shows destruction of small forest fragments

• 2002 The lighter green strip bisecting the
  images is the result of extensive deforestation
  and intensive cultivation

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Disappearing Forests in Itampolo, Madagascar
These images show the changes in narrow coastal
plain

• 1973 Shows heavily forested area home to unique
  and rare plant and animal species

• 2001 Burning of forest to clear land for dry
  rice cultivation, has led to disappearance of
  forest area (seen as tan)

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Steady Deforestation in KisanganiDemocratic
Republic of Congo
These images show slow but steady deforestation
of dense forest cover

• 1975 The city and surrounding areas are clearly
  visible

• 2001 The cleared area around the city has grown
  and become consolidated, spreading along rivers
  and roads

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Impact of Challawa Gorge DamNigeria
These images show the area before and after
construction of the dam

• 1990 Image of the area before the completion of
  the dam in 1993

• 1999 Impact of flooding upstream from the dam
  colour of the water in the flooded area indicates
  high sediments

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Shrinking Lake Chad shared by Nigeria, Niger,
Chad and Cameroon
Persistent drought has shrunk the lake to about a
tenth of its former size

• 1972 Larger lake surface area is visible in
  this image

• 2001 Impact of drought displays a shrunken
  lake, comparatively much smaller surface area
  than in 1972 image

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Skepticism surrounding Lesotho Highland Water
Project in South Africa
These images show the area before and after
construction of Katse dam

• 1989 Image of the area before the completion of
  the dam in 1995

• 2001 Katse dam created an enormous reservoir,
  the extent of which can clearly be seen in this
  image

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Land Cover Degradation Around Lake Nakuru, Kenya
These images show the land cover degradation in
the lakes catchment

• 1973 The area that hosts the worlds largest
  concentration of flamingos

• 2000 Excision of forest in the Eastern Mau
  Forest Reserve (white lines) will most likely
  lead to disappearance of upper catchment forest
  cover

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Battle between Forests vs. FarmlandsPeanut
Basin, Senegal
Shows growing patchwork of savannas (greenish
patches)

• 1979 Image shows farmland before being abandoned

• 1999 Hundreds of villages are scattered
  throughout the region to enjoy fallow and grazing
  lands

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Changing Landscape in Ravene, Senegal
Images show impact of drought and over-grazing on
the woody vegetation

• 1965 Ancient valleys cutting through gravelly
  plateaus, with extensive bushland vegetation

• 1999 The badland phenomenon spread extensively
  along the shallow valley slopes

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Converted Lands of Narok, Kenya
These images show the conversion of grasslands
into agricultural fields

• 1975 The agricultural expansion is just
  beginning

• 2000 This image shows the degree to which
  farmlands have expanded

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Toshka Lakes Farming the DesertEgypt
These images show the desert area transformed
into vegetable plots

• 1984-87 Image of the area before the desert
  reclamation project began in mid-1990s

n

• 2000 Four new lakes are visible in this image,
  faint blue-green areas around the lakes are newly
  created agricultural lands

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Toshka Lakes Farming the DesertEgypt
2005 New fields are clearly visible in the image
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AFRICAS LAKES

• Lake Kivu, Congo/Rwanda
• Lake Alaotra, Madagascar
• Lake Al Wahda, Morocco
• Lake Cahora Basa, Mozambique
• Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe
• Lake Djoudj, Senegal
• Lake Ichkeul, Tunisia
• Lake Manantali, Mali
• Lake Sibaya, South Africa
• Songor Lagoon, Ghana
• Lake Tonga, Algeria

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AFRICAS LAKES

• According to the WORLDLAKE database, there are
  677 lakes in Africa

• There are 15 natural lakes that cross the
  political boundaries of two or more countries in
  Africa

• There are 60 transboundary river basins in
  Africa, covering over 63 per cent of the
  continents land area

• Lake Chads surface area has shrunk by 95 per
  cent over the past 35 years

• Uncontrolled damming, the withdrawal of water for
  irrigation, and climate variability are the major
  causes of drying up of Lake Tonga in Algeria

• Population growth around Lake Victoria, the
  continents largest lake, is significantly higher
  than the rest of Africa

• Some lakes in central Africa have become known as
  killer lakes, because of the catastrophic
  natural events that have occurred in their
  vicinity

Sources UNEP 2006
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Lake Kivu-one of Africas killer
lakesCongo/Rwanda
These images show dramatic changes before and
after the eruption of Mt. Nyiragongo in 2002

• 2001 Before the January 2002 eruption

• 2003 Shows the track of the lava flow

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Severe flooding around Lake AlaotraMadagascar
These images show flooding over a wide area

• Flooding destroys significant portion of crops

• Intensive rice irrigation occurs at the western
  part of the lake (yellow arrows)

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Impact of Al Wahda reservoir in Morocco
These images illustrate the change in land cover

• 1987 The area before the construction of dams

• 2001 The area after the construction of 110
  large dams

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Cahora Basa Mozambiques largest dam on the
Zambezi River
These images show spectacular changes in the
Zambezi riverine system

• 1972 The Zambezi River a few years before the
  dam construction

• 1999 This image shows part of the enormous dam
  and the lake

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Invasive water weeds in Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe
These images show overall reduction in water weeds

• 1989 Weeds show up as green strands along the
  edges of the lake

• 2000 This image shows that water weeds remains
  a persistent problem

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Rejuvenation of the Djoudj Sanctuary in Senegal
These images show the Djoudj Sanctuary before and
after the construction of the Diama Dam

• 1979 Shows the impact of drought on the Djoudj
  Sanctuary

• 1999 Rejuvenation of the Sanctuary wetlands due
  to significant floods

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Ecological changes around Lake Ichkeul, Tunisia
These images show the impact of damming

• 1972 Shows the three feeder rivers supplying
  the lake before they were dammed

• 2000 Shows the location of the dams (yellow
  arrows)

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Agricultural expansion around Lake Manantali,
Mali
These images show the expansion of irrigated
agriculture

• 1977 Shows the original meandering nature of
  the Bafing River

• 1999 Shows the expanded irrigated land and
  increase in lake water quantity

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Lake Sibaya wetland of international important
in South Africa
These images show increase in cultivation around
the lake

• 1991 Lakeshore is home to the only known
  species of a rare climbing orchid

• 2001 The yellow arrows vividly show the
  increase of cultivation of marginal lands around
  the lake

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Reduction in the surface area of Songor Lagoon,
Ghana
These images show a conspicuous reduction in the
surface area

• 1990 Shows major lagoon system associated with
  Volta river estuary

• 2000 This image shows water area dramatically
  reduced, exposing bare ground

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Changes in and around Lake TongaAlgeria
These images show the changes brought about by
damming of the feeder rivers

• 1988 Lake Tonga before the damming of feeder
  rivers

• 2000 Damming increased irrigation and
  drastically reduced the volume of water entering
  the lake