Process of Academic Writing

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Process of Academic Writing

• English Intensive 2
• 2009

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Processes of Writing

• 1 Prewriting
• 2 Planning
• 3 Searching References
• 4 Handling References
• 5 Data Collection and Analysis
• 6 Writing and Revising Drafts

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1 Prewriting

• 1.1 Choosing and narrowing a topic
• 1.2 Brainstorming
• listing
• free-writing
• clustering

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Choosing a Topic

• Practicality
• Course requirement
• Time limitation
• Interest
• Motivation
• Future research

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Narrowing the Topic

• Narrowing the Scope of Focus
• Subject Domain
• Region, Location
• Time Period
• Other Social Attributes
• E.g., Gender, Age, Social Background, Education,
  etc.

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2 Planning

• 2.1 Writing a Thesis Statement
• Report Research Paper
• Argumentative Research Paper
• 2.2 Simple Outlining

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3 Searching References

• 3.1 Library
• 3.2 Computer
• 3.3 Other sources

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4 Handling References

• 4.1 Avoiding Plagiarism
• 4.2 Quotations
• Direct Quotations
• Indirect Quotations
• 4.3 Summaries
• 4.4 Paraphrases
• 4.5 Citations

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Plagiarism

• What is Plagiarism?
• Stealing and using the ideas or writings of
  another person as ones own
• Ideas of others
• Language (i.e., words and phrases) of other
  persons writings

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How do you avoid plagiarism?

• Direct quotation
• Original passage copied directly from the source
• Use of quotation marks, authors name, year of
  publication, and page number
• Indirect quotation
• Paraphrase (or summary) from the source in your
  own words
• No need to use quotation marks
• Authors name, year of publication, and page
  number are necessary

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In-Text Citations 1Direct Quote (APA Style)

• Lee (1984) makes the following comments about the
  tests
• The experimenters allowed them the
  candidates to work with all the questions before
  the day of the experiment. They should have
  allowed half of the candidates to work with the
  first set of questions, and the other half to
  work with the second test. The test results are
  contaminated because of influence from the
  way it was administered (p. 63).

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In-Text Citations 2 Direct Quote (APA Style)

• She comments, The test results are
  contaminated because of influence from the
  way it was administered (Lee, 1984, p. 63).
• According to Lee (1984, p. 63), the test results
  are contaminated due to faultly administrative
  procedures.

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In-Text Citations 3 Indirect Quote (APA Style)

• Lee (1984, p. 63) criticizes that the
  experimenters should have taken more careful
  administrative procedures in order to avoid false
  results.
• In 1983, Lee (p. 63) denied that
• It has recently been claimed (Lee, 1984, p. 63)
  that there are

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Useful Verbs for Citation

• State, say, describe, note, etc.
• Argue, claim, maintain, etc.
• Demonstrate, indicate, etc.
• Explain, observe, etc.
• Analyze, elaborate, etc.

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5 Data Collection and Analysis

• 5.1 Methods of Data Collection
• Literature Review
• Experiments
• Fieldwork, etc.
• 5.2 Analysis and Discussion

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6 Writing and Revising Drafts

• 6.1 Writing the First Draft
• 6.2 Revising Content and Organization
• 6.3 Blending Reference Materials
• 6.4 Proofreading the Second Draft for Grammar and
  Mechanics
• 6.5 Writing the Final Manuscript