Nonexperimental Research, Part 2: Survey Research

1
Nonexperimental Research, Part 2 Survey Research

• Questionnaire design
• Purpose
• Breadth
• Objectives
• Sample
• Questionnaire
• Analysis
• Scales
• Steal
• Diaries

2
Writing QuestionsGeneral Principles

• KISS
• Specificdefine terms
• Single issue per item
• Avoid biased terms
• Clear alternatives
• Avoid negatives
• Respondents
• Relevance
• Competent to answer
• Willing
• Social desirability
• Lie scale

3
Question Types

• Response formats
• Free response/openended
• Essay
• If you have considered leaving college what were
  the most important reasons that caused you to
  consider leaving?
• Brief answer
• What was your high school cumulative grade point
  average?
• Closeended
• Exhaustive and mutually exclusive
• Yes/no, true/false
• Did you attend another college or university
  before attending this college?
• Yes
• No
• Rating scales
• Likert disagreeagree

4
Questionnaires

• Multiple choice
• Quantitativeranges (avoid overlap)
• What percentage of the graduating seniors in your
  high school went on to college?
• 0 to 10
• 11 to 20
• 21 to 40
• 41 to 60
• 61 to 80
• 81 to 100
• Qualitative
• What is your racial/cultural identification?
• AfricanAmerican
• Black non AfricanAmerican (Please specify)
• Asian
• Hispanic
• White
• Other (Please specify)

5
Construction

• Pretest
• Open-ended
• Capture of meaning
• Close-ended
• Ease of response
• Analysis
• Types
• Factual
• Attitudes
• Behavioral
• Demographic
• Clarity
• Contingency
• Sequencing
• Meaning
• Format
• Know data analysis

6
Methods of Administration

• Interview
• Probe and clarify, high completion rate, observe
  participant
• Expensive, sensitive information, bias
• Written
• Group administration
• Drop off
• Mail
• Internet
• Telephone
• Cost and anonymity
• Return rate

7
Sampling

• External validity
• Nonprobability sampling
• Haphazard
• Purposive
• Convenience
• Probability sampling
• Simple random
• Systematic random
• Stratified random
• Cluster
• Multistage