RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

1
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING
29 CFR 1910.134
WELCOME
2
YOUR INSTRUCTOR
3
COURSE OBJECTIVES

• Discuss Respirator Selection Criteria.
• Discuss Respirator Program Requirements.
• Discuss The Types of Respiratory Protection.
• Discuss Basic Skills in Hazard Recognition
  Control.
• Discuss Respiratory Protection Assessment
  Techniques.
• Discuss Respiratory Protections Role in Todays
  Industry.
• Discuss OSHAS Requirements for Respiratory
  Protection.
• Discuss Respirator Storage, Maintenance and Use
  Criteria.
• Discuss Industrial Hazards Requiring Respiratory
  Protection.

4
BASIS FOR THIS COURSE

• 6.6 Million Workers use Respiratory Equipment
  Daily.
• Some Workers Enter Lethal Environments on a Daily
  Basis.
• Respiratory Protection Training is Essential to
  Safety.
• Most Workers Who are Injured Lose Time from their
  Jobs.
• This Training Helps Improve

• Safety
• Morale
• Productivity
• Employee well-being

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COURSE ATTENDEES

• Respirator Users
• Facility Engineers
• Process Engineers
• Safety Committees
• Process Specialists
• Department Managers
• First Line Supervisors
• Accident Investigation Team Members

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REGULATORY STANDARD
THE GENERAL DUTY CLAUSE
FEDERAL - 29 CFR 1903.1
EMPLOYERS MUST Furnish a place of employment
free of recognized hazards that are causing or
are likely to cause death or serious physical
harm to employees. Employers must comply with
occupational safety and health standards
promulgated under the Williams-Steiger
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
OSHA ACT OF 1970
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APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
29CFR - SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
1910 - INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
134 - RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
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APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
CONTENTS OF 29 CFR 1910.134

• a. Permissible Practice
• b. Requirements for a Minimal Acceptable
  Program
• c. Selection of Respirators
• d. Air Quality
• e. Use of Respirators
• f. Maintenance and Care of Respirators
• g. Identification of Gas Mask Canisters

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APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
ANSI - Z88.2 - 1992 PRACTICES FOR
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
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OSHA CIVIL PENALTIES POLICY
BEFORE MARCH 1, 1991 VIOLATION NARRATIVE TEN
(10) EMPLOYEES WERE NOTED NOT WEARING EYE
PROTECTION IN AREAS WHERE A REASONABLE
PROBABILITY OF EYE INJURY COULD OCCUR. PENALTY
500
11
OSHA CIVIL PENALTIES POLICY
(Continued)
AS OF MARCH 1, 1991 CHANGES IN PENALTY
COMPUTATION 1. PENALTIES BROKEN OUT
INDIVIDUALLY. 2. PENALTIES INCREASED SEVEN
FOLD.
12
OSHA CIVIL PENALTIES POLICY
(Continued)

• AS OF MARCH 1, 1991
• VIOLATION NARRATIVE TEN (10) EMPLOYEES WERE
• NOTED NOT WEARING EYE PROTECTION IN AREAS
• WHERE A REASONABLE PROBABILITY OF EYE
• INJURY COULD OCCUR.
• 10 VIOLATIONS TIMES 500 5000
• 5000 TIMES SEVEN 35,000
• PENALTY 35000 BEFORE MARCH,
  1991 500
• 
  AS OF MARCH, 1991 35,000

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GENERAL PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS
ALL EMPLOYERS MUST

• Establish a Written Program
• Address Air Quality Standards
• Conduct Respirator Fit Testing
• Conduct Medical Examinations
• Conduct Regular Program Evaluations
• Conduct Respiratory Protection Training
• Ensure Proper Selection of Respiratory Equipment
• Control Hazards Using Respirators as a Last
  Resort
• Conduct Work Area Respiratory Hazard Surveillance
• Address Inspection, Cleaning, Maintenance and
  Storage

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM
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TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
THE EMPLOYER MUST PROVIDE TRAINING

• Training Must Establish Proficiency.
• Explain The Operation, Capabilities, and
  Limitations.
• Training Must be Conducted Prior to Job
  Assignment.
• Explain The Reason Respiratory Protection is
  Needed.
• Explain Why a Particular Respirator has been
  Selected.
• Explain Proper Maintenance and Storage of
  Respirators.
• Explain Inspection, Donning, Fit Checks and
  Proper Wear.
• Explain The Nature, Extent and Effects of
  Respiratory Hazards.
• Provide Explanation of Why Engineering Controls
  are not in Use.

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RETRAINING REQUIREMENTS

• REQUIRED WHEN THERE IS A
• Close-Call Event.
• Program Related Injury.
• Change in Job Assignment.
• New Hazards or Equipment.
• New Hazard Control Methods.
• Failure in the Safety Procedures.
• Reason to Doubt Employee Proficiency.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM
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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION TRAINING IS IMPORTANT
A GOOD PROGRAM WILL HELP

• Reduce fatalities.
• Reduce injury and illness rates.
• Acceptance of high-turnover jobs.
• Workers feel better about their work.
• Reduce workers compensation costs.
• Elevate OSHA compliance to a higher level.

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PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
IMPLEMENTATION OF A RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
PROGRAM REQUIRES

• DEDICATION
• PERSONAL INTEREST
• MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

NOTE UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK
FORCE IS ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL
FAIL!
18
PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
Continued
DEVELOPMENT SEQUENCE

• Establish responsibility.
• Establish a corporate policy and develop rules.
• Conduct a hazard analysis of the facility.
• Determine appropriate respiratory hazard
  control measures.
• Eliminate respiratory hazards where possible.
• Conduct training.
• Provide protection where hazard elimination is
  not possible.
• Perform inspections and maintenance.
• Periodically audit the program.
• Modify policies and rules as appropriate.

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PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
Continued
DEVELOPMENT SEQUENCE

• The initial goal should be to reduce or
  eliminate respiratory
• hazards by
• 1. Elimination or substitution of hazard
  producing equipment.
• 2. Implementation of administrative
  controls.
• 3. Implementation of engineering controls.
• 4. Issuance of respiratory equipment.
• 5. Providing training and procedures.

20
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Continued

• RECOGNITION

• EVALUATION

• IMPLEMENTATION

• CONTROL

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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Continued

• RECOGNITION

• ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
• Known jobs/areas requiring respiratory
  protection.
• Jobs/areas having had recent operational changes.
• Jobs/areas with new equipment or processes.
• New jobs having little or no statistical injury
  data.

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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Continued

• RECOGNITION

• EVALUATION

• IMPLEMENTATION

• CONTROL

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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Continued

• EVALUATION
• Facility audit data.
• Employee surveys.
• Accident investigations.
• Industrial Hygiene surveys.
• Logs of close-call incidences.
• Organizational structure development.
• Statistical evidence of known/potential hazards.
• Injury and illness data of known/potential
  hazards.

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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Continued

• RECOGNITION

• EVALUATION

• IMPLEMENTATION

• CONTROL

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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Continued

• IMPLEMENTATION
• Written program.
• Training program.
• Employee involvement.
• Supervisor involvement.
• Corrective action program.
• Job hazard analysis program.
• Organizational structure establishment.
• Safety in purchasing (new equipment, products
  ect.)

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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Continued

• RECOGNITION

• EVALUATION

• IMPLEMENTATION

• CONTROL

27
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Continued

• CONTROL
• Periodic facility audits.
• Written program reviews.
• Industrial Hygiene surveys.
• Employee feedback surveys.
• Job hazard analysis reviews.
• Recurrent training programs.
• Supervisor feedback surveys.
• Periodic statistical evaluations.
• Corrective action follow-up measures.

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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Continued

• CONTROL MEASURES CONSIDERATIONS
• Capital improvement plan to eliminated hazards.
• Costs involved in implementing control measures.
• Length of time necessary for implementation.
• Level of urgency in implementation.
• Compatibility with existing controls.
• Cost of respiratory protection equipment.
• Anticipated problems with employee use.

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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Continued

• PRIORITIZATION CONSIDERATIONS
• Severity of injuries as a result of hazards.
• Consequences of an injury at the worksite.
• Likelihood that the operation will have an
  injury.
• The length of exposure to the hazard.
• Longterm effects of respiratory exposure.

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KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS
KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS INCLUDE

• TRAINING
• WRITTEN PROGRAM
• SAFETY COMMITTEE
• RESPIRATORY HAZARD ASSESSMENTS
• RESPIRATORY HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL

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KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS(Continued)

• TRAINING
• Job-Specific Respiratory Protection Training
• Training for Facility Engineers
• Annual Recurrent Training
• Training for
• - Affected employees
• - Managers
• - Supervisors
• - Maintenance personnel

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KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS(Continued)

• RESPIRATORY PROTECTION ASSESSMENTS
• INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEYS
• SYSTEMATIC SITE ANALYSIS
• DEPARTMENTAL SURVEYS
• MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
• JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
• EMPLOYEE SURVEYS

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KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS(Continued)

• SAFETY COMMITTEE
• WRITTEN PROGRAM
• EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT
• TOP MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
• REGULAR PROGRAM REVIEW AND EVALUATION

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THE SUPERVISORS ROLE

• CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING

1. GET INVOLVED IN THE HAZARD ASSESSMENTS. 2.
OBTAIN ASSISTANCE (IF NEEDED) FROM EXPERTS IN THE
FIELD OF CONCERN. 3. COMPLETE THE PAPERWORK
(WORK ORDERS, POLICY CHANGES, ETC.) TO
MAKE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS. 4. ATTEND THE SAME
TRAINING AS YOUR WORKERS. 5. FOLLOW-UP ON THE
ACTIONS YOU TOOK.
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WRITTEN PROGRAM

• WRITTEN PROGRAMS MUST BE
• DEVELOPED
• IMPLEMENTED
• CONTROLLED
• JOB SPECIFIC
• UNDERSTANDABLE
• SUFFICIENTLY DETAILED
• PERIODICALLY REVIEWED

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PROGRAM REVIEW EVALUATION
EVALUATION TECHNIQUES INCLUDE

• Industrial hygiene surveys
• Respiratory hazard assessments.
• Job hazard analysis assessments.
• Employee surveys.
• Review of results of facility evaluations.
• Analysis of trends in respiratory injury/illness
  rates.
• Up-to-date records of logs of respiratory hazard
  improvements tried or implemented.
• Before and after surveys/evaluations of
  job/worksite respiratory protection changes.

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WORKSITE ANALYSIS

• WORKSITE ANALYSIS IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN
  PARTS

1. Gathering information from available
sources. 2. Conducting baseline screening
surveys to determine which equipment, areas or
jobs need a closer analysis. 3. Performing
industrial hygiene assessments and job hazard
analyses to identify hazards. 4. After
implementing control measures, conducting
periodic surveys and follow-up to evaluate
changes.
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RESPIRATOR USE SITUATIONS

• WORK INVOLVING
• Painting
• Firefighting
• Construction
• Emergencies
• Sand Blasting
• Spill Containment
• Manufacturing Operations
• Emergency Escape Actions
• Environmental Site Characterization
• Exposure During Maintenance Duties

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RESPIRATORY HAZARDS

• AIR CONTAMINANTS
• GASES
• VAPORS
• FUMES
• AIR PARTICULATES
• OXYGEN DEFICIENCY

40
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued

• AIR CONTAMINANTS
• GASES Generally used in a compressed form.
  Can be released by chemical processes high
  heat.
• - Can effect all routes of entry.
• VAPORS Formed by evaporation of liquids or
  solids. Amount usually depends upon exposed
  surface area, temperature, and vapor pressure.
• - Can be deadly.

41
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued

• AIR CONTAMINANTS
• FUMES Usually metallic and formed by welding,
  cutting, or brazing operations.
• - Extremely hazardous to inhale.
• AIR PARTICULATES Composed of solid or liquid
  particles that are suspended or dispersed in air.
  Such as dusts, mists, or smokes.
• - Can be explosive and hazardous to breath.

42
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued
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RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued
APPROXIMATE VALUES
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RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued

• DUSTS

• Milling Operations
• Sanding Operations
• Grinding Operations
• Crushing Operations
• Processes that Use Suspendable Solids

• HAZARD Can become trapped in the respiratory
  system and cause irritation or short- and
  long-term health problems and possibly death.
  Suspension in air is a major problem.

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RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued
SHAPE IS A FACTOR
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RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued

• FUMES

• Brazing Operations
• Furnace Operations
• Welding Operations
• Smelting Operations
• High Heat Operations
• Torch Cutting Operations

• HAZARD Can become trapped in the respiratory
  system and cause irritation or short- and
  long-term health problems and possibly death.

47
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued

• GASES

• Closed Processes
• Spill Containment
• Welding Operations
• Smelting Operations
• High Heat Operations

• HAZARD Can displace oxygen, combust, or
  create a toxic atmosphere. Can be lighter or
  heavier than ambient air and affect workers in
  otherwise safe locations.

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RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued
Alveoli
Oxygen passes into your blood and wastes are
returned to your lungs to be exhaled through the
alveoli.
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RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued

• ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
• May expose employees to risk of death,
  incapacitation, impairment of ability to
  self-rescue, injury, or acute illness from one or
  more of the following causes
• Flammable gas, vapor, or mist exceeding 10 LEL
• Airborne combustible dust in excess of its LEL
  (5 ft)
• Oxygen concentration below 19.5
• Oxygen concentration above 23.5
• Concentration of any substance exceeding its
  PEL
• Another atmospheric condition that is IDLH

50
DEFINITIONS
Continued
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (OSHA)

• PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PELs)
• FOUND IN 29 CFR 1910.1000 (THE Z TABLES)
• ESTABLISHES OSHAs EXPOSURE LEVELS
• LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE

RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (NIOSH)

• RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (RELs)
• USED TO DEVELOP NEW OSHA STANDARDS
• FOUND IN NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
  OCCUPATIONAL
• HEALTH STANDARDS

51
DEFINITIONS
Continued
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE
The TLV is the upper limit of a toxin
concentration to which an average healthy person
may be repeatedly exposed on an all-day, everyday
basis without suffering adverse health effects.
Gaseous substances - Expressed as parts per
million (ppm). Fumes or mists - Expressed in
milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist
(ACGIH).
52
DEFINITIONS
Continued
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE HEALTH
An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration
from which one could escape within 30 minutes
without experiencing any irreversible adverse
health effects. In practice, when the
concentration of a toxic substance in a given
area is known, IDLH levels may be used for
determining whether self-contained breathing
apparatus is needed when entering the area. If
the concentration exceeds the IDLH level,
positive-demand, self-contained breathing
apparatus should be used.
53
DEFINITIONS
Continued
UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)
The richer point at which a mixture of
flammable vapor and air will no longer support
combustion
LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)
The leaner point at which a mixture of
flammable vapor and air will no longer support
combustion
COMBINED, THE ABOVE EQUAL THE FLAMMABLE RANGE
54
DEFINITIONS
Continued
PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE
ACETONE
FLAMMABLE RANGE OF ACETONE 2.5 - 13
55
HAZARD RECOGNITION
Continued

• WORK GENERATED CONDITIONS
• Reduced O2 from welding/cutting operations
• Reduced O2 from inerting operations
• Explosive conditions from sparks/flame
• Fumes liberated by chemical cleaning
• Fumes liberated by painting or coating
  operations
• Dust explosions from particulate processing

56
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
THREE FAMILIES OF RESPIRATORS

• AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS
• SUPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATORS
• SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUSES

57
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued
AIR-PURIFYING OR FILTERING The APR is used
where there is enough oxygen present but the air
in the area is contaminated with gases, vapors,
and dust. These respirators filter out dangerous
materials or divert air through a chemical
filter. DOES NOT PRODUCE OXYGEN! WARNING -
Some substances cannot be safely filtered
requiring you to wear an Air-Supplied Respirator.
58
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS
• Mechanical-Filter Respirators

• Remove particles from the air
• May have disposable filters for dust
• May have half-face or full-face facepieces
• To choose the correct unit you need to know
• - Type of contaminant
• - Concentration of the contaminant
• - Size of the particles

59
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS
• Chemical Cartridge Respirators

• Used for low concentrations of
• - Organic gases
• - Pesticides
• - Paint vapors
• May have half-face or full-face facepieces
• Cartridge must be right one for type of
  contaminant
• Use only with contaminants with warning odor or
• irritation if the cartridge fails to work.
• Not for use against highly toxic gases

60
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS
• Gas-Mask Type Respirators

• Protects against certain gases and particles
• Most have full facepieces
• Most use chin-mount canisters

• Powered AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS
• Hooded Type Respirators

• Protects against certain gases and particles
• Battery powered motor draws air through a filter

61
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued
SUPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATORS The SAR is used
whenever there is not enough oxygen and the
concentration of the airborne substances present
is not Immediately Dangerous to Life Health
(IDLH). All respirators must be approved for
the contaminant for which the employee is exposed
too. Approval is done jointly by the Mine Safety
and Health Administration of the Department of
Labor and the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the Department of
Health and Human Services.
62
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• SUPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATORS
• Air-Line Type Respirators

• Used for oxygen deficient atmospheres
• Not for IDLH atmospheres (unless aux air
  carried)
• May have half-face or full-face or hood
• Air supplied from cylinders or a compressor
• Three types of SARs
• - Continuous flow
• - Demand air flow
• - Pressure-demand flow

63
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued
SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SCBA) SCBA
uses a source of breathable air carried by the
wearer. Although this greatly enhances the
mobility of the wearer it limits the duration of
protection. At a moderate work rate, using
approximately 40 liter minute volume, most SCBA
units have a rated duration of 30-60 minutes.
SCBA consists of the following Face piece,
Breathing tube, Air supply tube, Regulator,
Exhalation valve, Air Cylinder and valve.
64
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUSES
• Mobile Air Supply Type Systems

TWO TYPES

• Closed-circuit rebreathing units
• Pressure-demand open circuit units

65
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUSES
• Closed-Circuit Rebreathing Units

• Protects up to four hours
• Typically used in mine rescues
• The users breath is recycled
• Carbon dioxide is removed from exhaled air
• Oxygen is added from a small cylinder

66
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUSES
• Pressure-Demand Open-Circuit Units

• Provides 30 to 60 minutes worth of air
• Typically used by fire rescue services
• The users breath is exhaled into atmosphere
• Positive pressure is maintained inside the
  facepiece

67
RESPIRATOR SELECTION
CONSULT WITH AN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENIST REGARDING
THE TYPE OF RESPIRATOR TO BE USED WITH YOUR
OPERATION! THE FOLLOWING ARE GENERAL GUIDELINES
ONLY!
68
RESPIRATOR SELECTION
Continued
OXYGEN DEFICIENCY
Any positive-pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA)
IDLH CONDITION
Combination positive-pressure supplied-air
respirator (SAR) with auxiliary self-contained
air supply
NON-IDLH CONDITION
Any positive-pressure SCBA or SAR
69
RESPIRATOR SELECTION
Continued
GAS AND VAPOR CONTAMINANTS
Positive-pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA)
IDLH CONDITION
Combination positive-pressure supplied-air
respirator (SAR) with auxiliary self-contained
air supply
NON-IDLH CONDITION
Any positive-pressure SAR, gas mask, or chemical
cartridge respirator
70
RESPIRATOR SELECTION
Continued
PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS
Any positive-pressure SAR including abrasive
blasting respirator. Powered air-purifying
respirator equipped with high-efficiency filters.
Any air-purifying respirator with a specific
particulate filter.
71
RESPIRATOR SELECTION
Continued
GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS
Positive-pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA)
IDLH CONDITION
Combination positive-pressure supplied-air
respirator (SAR) with auxiliary self-contained
air supply
NON-IDLH CONDITION
Any positive-pressure SAR, gas mask, or chemical
cartridge respirator
72
RESPIRATOR SELECTION
Continued
IDLH ATMOSPHERE ESCAPE
Any positive-pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA)
Combination positive-pressure supplied-air
respirator (SAR) with auxiliary self-contained
air supply
73
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
74
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Continued
RESPIRATOR FIT TESTS The proper fitting of a
respirator is determined by a fit tests and seal
checks. Fit tests can be Qualitative or
Quantitative. Some OSHA Standards have
specific requirements for fit testing. See the
1000 series in 29 CFR.
75
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Continued

• QUALITATIVE FIT TESTING
• Required upon issue and semi-annually
• Irritant smoke or banana oil can be used
• Usually required to recite Rainbow passage
• Has a subjective response

76
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Continued

• QUANTITATIVE FIT TESTING
• Measures concentration inside mask
• Port drilled into mask
• Takes approximately 1 hour
• Requires expensive equipment and trained
  personnel
• Ensures correct fit for model

77
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Continued
RESPIRATOR CHECKLIST

• Do a fit test.
• Receive training.
• Provide proper care.
• Measure hazard levels.
• Receive a medical test.
• Review exposure limits.
• Select correct respirator.
• Receive annual physical.
• Receive annual training.

78
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Continued
RESPIRATOR CHECKLIST

• Provide proper maintenance.
• Look for signs of deterioration.
• Follow policies and procedures.
• Wear only approved respirators.
• Wear only respirators on which you have
• received instruction.

79
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Continued
CONSULT THE OWNERS MANUAL FOR SPECIFICS REGARDING
THE RESPIRATOR YOU ARE USING DO NOT ASSUME
ANYTHING!
80
INSPECTION AND CARE OF RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT
INSPECTION BEFORE USE Employees using the
equipment need to inspect their own equipment.
Do not place your life unnecessarily in anyone
elses hands! Components must be removed from
service if their function has been adversely
affected.
81
INSPECTION AND CARE OF RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT
Continued
INSPECTION CONSIDERATIONS

• Develop a detailed inspection policy.
• Document each inspection.
• Inspect all components before use.
• Tag as unusable, damaged equipment.
• Inspect equipment before each use (without
  exception).
• Separate damaged equipment from serviceable
  equipment.
• Consider the effects on equipment stored for
  long periods.
• Remove contaminated equipment from service
  immediately.
• Incorporate manufacturers instructions into a
  plant inspections.

82
INSPECTION AND CARE OF RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT
Continued
CLEANING AND DISINFECTING CONSIDERATIONS

• Read the manufactures guidelines first!
• Disassemble in accordance with procedures.
• Scrub respirators in detergent and warm water.
• Treat with disinfectant.
• Re-rinse to remove detergent and disinfectant.
• Air-dry, do not dry dry rubber under heat or
  sunlight.
• Never use solvent to clean plastic or rubber.
• For SAR and SCBA units consult the
  manufacturers guidelines
• for cleaning and disinfecting procedures.

83
INSPECTION AND CARE OF RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT
Continued
STORAGE CONSIDERATIONS

• Protect from sunlight, heat, cold, moisture and
  chemicals!
• Place respirators in individual sealable
  plastic bags.
• Emergency-use units should be stored according
  to the
• manufacturers guidelines.
• For SAR and SCBA units consult the
  manufacturers guidelines
• for storage.

84
TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS

• REMEMBER, YOU CONTROL YOUR FACILITY OR AREA!
• REVIEW THEIR PROCEDURES WITH THEM BEFORE
• STARTING THE JOB!
• ENSURE THEY ARE PROPERLY TRAINED!
• DETERMINE THEIR SAFETY PERFORMANCE RECORD!
• DETERMINE WHO IS IN CHARGE OF THEIR PEOPLE!
• DETERMINE HOW THEY WILL AFFECT YOUR EMPLOYEES!

85
OSHA'S PERCEPTION OF A SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM
1. DETAILED WRITTEN RESPIRATORY HAZARD
ASSESSMENTS 2. DETAILED WRITTEN RESPIRATOR USE
PROCEDURES 3. EXTENSIVE EMPLOYEE TRAINING
PROGRAMS 4. PERIODIC REINFORCEMENT OF
TRAINING 5. SUFFICIENT DISCIPLINE REGARDING
IMPLEMENTATION 6. PERIODIC FOLLOW-UP
86
WORK AT WORKING SAFELY
Training is the key to success in managing safety
in the work environment. Attitude is also a key
factor in maintaining a safe workplace. Safety
is, and always will be a team effort, safety
starts with each individual employee and
concludes with everyone leaving at the end of the
day to rejoin their families.
Patricia A.
Ice
Industrial Hygienist
87
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS

• AIR CONTAMINANTS
• GASES
• VAPORS
• FUMES
• AIR PARTICULATES
• OXYGEN DEFICIENCY

88
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued

• AIR CONTAMINANTS
• GASES Generally used in a compressed form.
  Can be released by chemical processes high
  heat.
• - Can effect all routes of entry.
• VAPORS Formed by evaporation of liquids or
  solids. Amount usually depends upon exposed
  surface area, temperature, and vapor pressure.
• - Can be deadly.

89
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued

• AIR CONTAMINANTS
• FUMES Usually metallic and formed by welding,
  cutting, or brazing operations.
• - Extremely hazardous to inhale.
• AIR PARTICULATES Composed of solid or liquid
  particles that are suspended or dispersed in air.
  Such as dusts, mists, or smokes.
• - Can be explosive and hazardous to breath.

90
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued
91
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued
APPROXIMATE VALUES
92
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued
Alveoli
Oxygen passes into your blood and wastes are
returned to your lungs to be exhaled through the
alveoli.
93
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
Continued

• ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
• May expose employees to risk of death,
  incapacitation, impairment of ability to
  self-rescue, injury, or acute illness from one or
  more of the following causes
• Flammable gas, vapor, or mist exceeding 10 LEL
• Airborne combustible dust in excess of its LEL
  (5 ft)
• Oxygen concentration below 19.5
• Oxygen concentration above 23.5
• Concentration of any substance exceeding its
  PEL
• Another atmospheric condition that is IDLH

94
DEFINITIONS
Continued
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (OSHA)

• PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PELs)
• FOUND IN 29 CFR 1910.1000 (THE Z TABLES)
• ESTABLISHES OSHAs EXPOSURE LEVELS
• LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE

RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (NIOSH)

• RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (RELs)
• USED TO DEVELOP NEW OSHA STANDARDS
• FOUND IN NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
  OCCUPATIONAL
• HEALTH STANDARDS

95
DEFINITIONS
Continued
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE
The TLV is the upper limit of a toxin
concentration to which an average healthy person
may be repeatedly exposed on an all-day, everyday
basis without suffering adverse health effects.
Gaseous substances - Expressed as parts per
million (ppm). Fumes or mists - Expressed in
milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist
(ACGIH).
96
DEFINITIONS
Continued
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE HEALTH
An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration
from which one could escape within 30 minutes
without experiencing any irreversible adverse
health effects. In practice, when the
concentration of a toxic substance in a given
area is known, IDLH levels may be used for
determining whether self-contained breathing
apparatus is needed when entering the area. If
the concentration exceeds the IDLH level,
positive-demand, self-contained breathing
apparatus should be used.
97
DEFINITIONS
Continued
UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)
The richer point at which a mixture of
flammable vapor and air will no longer support
combustion
LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)
The leaner point at which a mixture of
flammable vapor and air will no longer support
combustion
COMBINED, THE ABOVE EQUAL THE FLAMMABLE RANGE
98
DEFINITIONS
Continued
PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE
ACETONE
FLAMMABLE RANGE OF ACETONE 2.5 - 13
99
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
THREE FAMILIES OF RESPIRATORS

• AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS
• SUPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATORS
• SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUSES

100
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued
AIR-PURIFYING OR FILTERING The APR is used
where there is enough oxygen present but the air
in the area is contaminated with gases, vapors,
and dust. These respirators filter out dangerous
materials or divert air through a chemical
filter. DOES NOT PRODUCE OXYGEN! WARNING -
Some substances cannot be safely filtered
requiring you to wear an Air-Supplied Respirator.
101
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS
• Mechanical-Filter Respirators

• Remove particles from the air
• May have disposable filters for dust
• May have half-face or full-face facepieces
• To choose the correct unit you need to know
• - Type of contaminant
• - Concentration of the contaminant
• - Size of the particles

102
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS
• Chemical Cartridge Respirators

• Used for low concentrations of
• - Organic gases
• - Pesticides
• - Paint vapors
• May have half-face or full-face facepieces
• Cartridge must be right one for type of
  contaminant
• Use only with contaminants with warning odor or
• irritation if the cartridge fails to work.
• Not for use against highly toxic gases

103
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS
• Gas-Mask Type Respirators

• Protects against certain gases and particles
• Most have full facepieces
• Most use chin-mount canisters

• Powered AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS
• Hooded Type Respirators

• Protects against certain gases and particles
• Battery powered motor draws air through a filter

104
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued
SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SCBA) SCBA
uses a source of breathable air carried by the
wearer. Although this greatly enhances the
mobility of the wearer it limits the duration of
protection. At a moderate work rate, using
approximately 40 liter minute volume, most SCBA
units have a rated duration of 30-60 minutes.
SCBA consists of the following Face piece,
Breathing tube, Air supply tube, Regulator,
Exhalation valve, Air Cylinder and valve.
105
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUSES
• Mobile Air Supply Type Systems

TWO TYPES

• Closed-circuit rebreathing units
• Pressure-demand open circuit units

106
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUSES
• Closed-Circuit Rebreathing Units

• Protects up to four hours
• Typically used in mine rescues
• The users breath is recycled
• Carbon dioxide is removed from exhaled air
• Oxygen is added from a small cylinder

107
TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Continued

• SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUSES
• Pressure-Demand Open-Circuit Units

• Provides 30 to 60 minutes worth of air
• Typically used by fire rescue services
• The users breath is exhaled into atmosphere
• Positive pressure is maintained inside the
  facepiece

108
RESPIRATOR SELECTION
Continued
IDLH ATMOSPHERE ESCAPE
Any positive-pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA)
Combination positive-pressure supplied-air
respirator (SAR) with auxiliary self-contained
air supply
109
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
110
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Continued
RESPIRATOR FIT TESTS The proper fitting of a
respirator is determined by a fit tests and seal
checks. Fit tests can be Qualitative or
Quantitative. Some OSHA Standards have
specific requirements for fit testing. See the
1000 series in 29 CFR.
111
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Continued

• QUALITATIVE FIT TESTING
• Required upon issue and semi-annually
• Irritant smoke or banana oil can be used
• Usually required to recite Rainbow passage
• Has a subjective response

112
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Continued

• QUANTITATIVE FIT TESTING
• Measures concentration inside mask
• Port drilled into mask
• Takes approximately 1 hour
• Requires expensive equipment and trained
  personnel
• Ensures correct fit for model