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Biological Reserves II
29 Oct 2009
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(No Transcript)
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Connecting Fragmented Habitats
Banff National Park and the Trans-Canadian Highway
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Connecting Fragmented Habitats
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Connecting Fragmented Habitats
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Major Corridor Needs in the U.S.
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Major Corridor Needs in the U.S.
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Other Types of Corridors
aerial bridges
riparian buffers
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Stepping Stone Corridors- The Pacific Flyway -
Boundary Bay, British Columbia
Vic Fazio Yolo, Central Valley, CA
Sonora, Mexico
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Walking Wetlands- Filling some of the gaps -
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A Closer Look at Corridors
Controlled Experiments Savanna River Site,
longleaf pine forest, Aiken, South Carolina
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Example 1
Butterfly movement among connected unconnected
habitat patches.
of population moving
0
400
Distance moved (m)

• Corridors significantly increase both short and
  long distance movements.

(Haddad 2005)
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Example 2
Plant species richness in restored longleaf pine
savannah (clearing mature, successional forest).

• Corridors increased richness within patches 20
• Corridors increased richness beyond patches 10
  -18

(Brudvig et al. 2009)
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Example 3
Indigo bunting vulnerability to nest predation in
fragmented landscapes.
Fecundity ( per female)
(Weldon 2006)
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Example 3
Indigo bunting vulnerability to nest predation in
fragmented landscapes.

• Greater edgeinterior ratios made nests more
  vulnerable to predation.
• Fecundity was 45 higher in rectangular (no
  corridors) patches.

(Weldon 2006)
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Example 4
South American chucao movements.
(Castellón Sieving 2005)
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Potential Drawbacks of Corridors

• Isolation is not always bad
• Quarantine effects
• Restricted movement of parasites, diseases,
  invasive species
• Corridors may be traps
• Lower habitat quality
• Increased edge effects
• Increased risk of predation within corridors

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Basic Rules for Reserve Design
Which is better?
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Basic Rules for Reserve Design
Which is better?
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Basic Rules for Reserve Design
Which is better?
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Basic Rules for Reserve Design
Which is better?
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Basic Rules for Reserve Design
Which is better?
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Basic Rules for Reserve Design
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Basic Rules for Reserve Design
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Single Large or Several Small? (S.L.O.S.S.)

• Does habitat vary among the small reserves?
• if yes ? small reserves minimize effects of
  bottlenecks, catastrophes, and disease
• if no ? small reserves do not confer insurance
  benefits

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The Chicago Wilderness Area
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Single Large or Several Small? (S.L.O.S.S.)

• Does habitat vary among the small reserves?
• if yes ? small reserves minimize effects of
  bottlenecks, catastrophes, and disease
• if no ? small reserves do not confer insurance
  benefits
• Is movement among small reserves likely?
• if yes ? small reserves act as metacommunities,
  and support source-sink dynamics (i.e. rescue
  effects)
• if no ? small populations in small reserves
  increase probability of local extinction

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Managing Reserves- Forest Succession
Controlled Burns -
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Managing Reserves- Grassland Succession
Grazing -
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Managing Reserves- Grassland Succession
Grazing -
(Towne et al. 2005)
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Monitoring Adaptive Management
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Zoning as a Management Tool
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Support through Accountability- Demonstrating
No-Take Reserves -
(Abesamis Russ 2005)
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Striking a Balance- Sanjay Gandhi National Park -
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Striking a Balance- Sanjay Gandhi National Park -
gt30 deaths between 2004-2005