Professor Tom Overbye

1
ECE 333 (398RES)Renewable Energy Systems

• Lecture 1
• Introduction
• Professor Tom Overbye
• Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering

2
About Me

• Professional
• Received BSEE, MSEE, and Ph.D. all from
  University of Wisconsin at Madison (83, 88, 91)
• Worked for eight years as engineer for an
  electric utility (Madison Gas Electric)
• Have been at UI since 1991, doing teaching and
  doing research in the area of electric power
  systems
• Developed commercial power system analysis
  package, known now as PowerWorld Simulator. This
  package has been sold to about 400 different
  corporate entities worldwide
• DOE investigator for 8/14/2003 blackout

3
About Me

• Nonprofessional
• Married to Jo
• Have three children
• Tim age 14
• Hannah age 12 (soon!)
• Amanda age 9
• Live in country by Homer
• Like to bike to work (at least part of the way)
• Teach 2nd/3rd Grade Sunday School class at First
  Baptist Church

4
My Kids
5
Renewable Energy Systems

• Focus of course is on electric energy sources
  that are sustainable (wont diminish over time)
  excluding large-scale hydro
• Course is primarily about the electric aspects of
  the sources
• These resources may be large-scale or may be
  distributed
• Courses does not cover nuclear
• Course does not cover biological resources
• Course prerequisite is ECE 205 or ECE 210

6
Notation - Power

• Power Instantaneous consumption of energy
• Power Units
• Watts voltage x current for dc (W)
• kW 1 x 103 Watt
• MW 1 x 106 Watt
• GW 1 x 109 Watt
• Installed U.S. generation capacity is about 900
  GW ( about 3 kW per person)
• Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW

7
Notation - Energy

• Energy Integration of power over time energy is
  what people really want from a power system
• Energy Units
• Joule 1 Watt-second (J)
• kWh Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
• Btu 1055 J 1 MBtu0.292 MWh 1MWh3.4MBtu
• One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5
  kWh) one gallon ethanol as about 0.084 Mbtu
  (2/3 that of gas)
• U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600
  billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person)

8
North America Interconnections
9
Electric Transmission System
10
Electric Systems in Energy Context

• Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but
  we first need to put them in the context of the
  total energy delivery system
• Electricity is used primarily as a means for
  energy transportation
• Use other sources of energy to create it, and it
  is usually converted into another form of energy
  when used
• About 40 of US energy is transported in electric
  form, a percentage that is gradually increasing
• Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and
  fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers
  for change in world energy infrastructure

11
Sources of Energy - US
About 86 Fossil Fuels
CO2 Emissions (millions of metric tons, and per
quad) Petroleum 2598, 64.0 Natural Gas
1198, 53.0Coal 2115, 92.3
1 Quad 293 billion kWh (actual) 1 Quad 98
billion kWh (used, taking into account
efficiency)
Source EIA Energy Outlook 2009 (Early Release),
Table 1, 2008 Data
12
US Projections Through 2030 (Perhaps!)
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The World

• The total world-wide energy consumption was 472
  quad (2006), a growth of about 19 from 2000
  values
• A breakdown of this value by fuel source is 171.7
  quad (36.3) from petroleum, 127.5 (27.0) from
  coal, 108.0 (22.9) from natural gas, 29.7 (6.3)
  from hydroelectric, 27.8 (5.9) from nuclear, 4.7
  (1.0) other used as electric power, 2.8 (0.6)
  other not used as electric power
• World-wide total is 86.2 fossil-fuel, and
  (currently) less than 1.0 in the focus area of
  this class

14
Per Capita Energy Consumption in MBtu per Year
(2006 data)
Source http//www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/ie
alf/tablee1c.xls

• Iceland 568.6 Norway 410.8
• Kuwait 469.8 Canada 427.2
• USA 334.6 Australia 276.9
• Russia 213.9 France 180.7
• Japan 178.7 Germany 177.5
• UK 161.7 S. Africa 117.2
• China 56.2 Brazil 51.2
• Indonesia 17.9 India 15.9
• Pakistan 14.2 Nigeria 7.8
• Malawi 1.9 Afghanistan 0.6

15
Global Warming What is Known is CO2 in Air is
Rising
Valuewas about 280 ppmin 1800, 386 in 2008
Rate ofincreaseis about2 ppmper year
Source http//www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
16
As is Worldwide Temperature (at Least Over Last
150 Years
2008 was 32.5 (slightlylower than 2007)
Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean
Source http//www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming
/
17
U.S Annual Average Temperature
Sourcehttp//www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/im
ages/1208natltemp.png
18
Annual Temperatures for Illinois
Source http//www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Cl
imate_change/iltren-temp.jpg
19
But more controversy associated with longer
temperature trends
Estimated surface temperature in Sargassso Sea
(located in North Atlantic)
Europewas clearly warmerin 1000ADwhether
this wastrue world-wide is not known
20
Going Back a Few More Years
http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileHolocene_Te
mperature_Variations.png
21
And a Few More
http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileIce_Age_Tem
perature.png
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Millions and Tens of Millions
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Eventual Atmospheric CO2 Stabilization Level
Depends Upon CO2 Emissions
Regardless of what we doin the short-term the
CO2 levels in the atmosphere willcontinue to
increase. The eventual stabilizationlevels
depend upon how quickly CO2 emissions are
curtailed.Emissions from electricity
production are currently about 40 of the total
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And Where Might Temps Go?
http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileGlobal_Warm
ing_Predictions.png
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How Information is Presented is Also Important
The actual area of Greenland and Mexico is about
the same
Source http//data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2008/Fig
1.gif
26
World Population Trends

• Country 2005 2015 2025
• Japan 127.5 124.7 117.8 -7.6
• Germany 82.4 81.9 80.6 -2.1
• Russia 142.8 136.0 128.1 -10.3
• USA 295.7 322.6 349.7 18.2
• China 1306 1393 1453 11.2
• India 1094 1274 1449 32.4
• World 6449 7226 7959 23.4
• Source www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html
  values inmillions percent change from 2005 to
  2025

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Energy Economics

• Electric generating technologies involve a
  tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build
  them) and operating costs
• Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low
  operating costs
• Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high
  operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
• Coal, wind, hydro are in between
• Also the units capacity factor is important to
  determining ultimate cost of electricity
• Potential carbon tax major uncertainty

28
Ball park Energy Costs
Source http//www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia
/adequacy_report_01-09-09.pdf
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Natural Gas Prices 1990s to 2009
Marginal cost for natural gas fired electricity
price in /MWh is about 7-10 times gas price
30
Recent Coal Prices have Spiked
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Course Syllabus

• Introduction, fundamentals of electric power
• Electric power grid, conventional generation
• Distributed generation technologies
• Economics of distributed resources
• Wind power systems
• Energy storage
• The solar resource
• Photovoltaic materials and systems
• Other renewable energy sources