THE CIVIL WAR

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THE CIVIL WAR

• THE YANKEES
• VS.
• THE REBELS

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Conflict and Compromise

• Missouri Compromise
• Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state
• Northern Massachusetts will become the state of
  Maine
• 3630 line becomes the division of slave/ free
  area in territories

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Expansion

• Victory in the Mexican War raised an important
  question about U.S. expansion. As new states
  formed and joined the Union, would they allow
  slavery?
• In Congress, only a perfect balance between slave
  and anti-slave states meant equal representation
  for both sides.

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Bleeding Kansas

• In Kansas, the government left the issue of
  slavery for the residents to decide, though there
  were widely differing opinions.
• Before Kansas could apply for statehood, voters
  had to approve a constitution to allow or ban
  slavery.
• To win votes, both sides raised money and
  organized to bring in more settlers.
• So much violence took place that the area was
  called Bleeding Kansas.

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Bleeding Kansas

• During the 1850s, several violent battles took
  place between pro-slavery and anti-slavery
  forces, including the Marais des Cygnes Massacre,
  when a gang of 30 pro-slavery men gunned down 11
  anti-slavery settlers and killed five.
• In Lawrence, Kansas, a sheriff's posse attacked
  anti-slavery newspapers and burned buildings in
  what is known as the Sack of Lawrence.

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John Brown

• In response, John Brown, an abolitionist, and
  others killed five pro-slavery settlers on
  Pottawatomie Creek in Kansas.
• Kansas was eventually admitted as a free state,
  which deepened sectional divisions.

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John Browns Raid

• Abolitionist John Brown planned a raid on the
  U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry to get guns for a
  slave revolt.
• U.S. Marines stormed the arsenal and captured
  Brown and his followers

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John Browns Raid

• They were tried for treason and executed, though
  many northerners thought Brown was a hero.

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Hostilities in Congress

• Congressman Preston Brooks attacks Senator
  Charles Sumner with his cane in Congress
• Congressmen started to bring weapons to Congress

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Dred Scott Case

• Dred Scott and his wife, both slaves who lived in
  Illinois which was free soil, sued for their
  freedom.
• The Supreme Court ruled in Scott v. Sandford that
  slaves are property even if they move to a free
  state because of the 5th Amendment.

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Uncle Toms Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Simon Legree assaulting Uncle Tom.

• Harriet Beecher Stowe writes Uncle Toms Cabin
  about the evils of slavery.
• Abraham Lincoln refers to this as The little
  woman who wrote the book that made this war.

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The Threat of Secession

• The Southern leaders threatened to secede from
  the Union if a Republican was elected president
  in 1860.
• The Democrats characterize the Republican party
  as extremists on slavery

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Abraham Lincoln Upbringing

• Lincoln was born in 1809 in a one-room cabin near
  Louisville, Kentucky.
• Lincolns family was very poor, held no slaves,
  and opposed slavery. They moved to the Indiana
  Territory in 1816.
• In 1828 he got a job on a riverboat from Indiana
  to New Orleans, and there had his first contact
  with slavery at a New Orleans slave auction.

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Lincolns Early Political Career

• Lincoln moved to Illinois and ran for state
  legislature.
• He won a seat in the Illinois General Assembly.
• He married Mary Todd, the daughter of a Kentucky
  slaveholder.
• In 1846 he was elected to Congress, and proposed
  the radical idea of compensated emancipation,
  or paying slave owners to free their slaves.
• He resigned from Congress in 1849 and went home
  to Illinois. However, the Kansas-Nebraska Act,
  sparked him to reenter politics as a Republican.

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The Lincoln - Douglas Debates

• Lincoln defeated Stephen A. Douglas in the
  Senatorial race.
• In his acceptance speech, he called the U.S. a
  house divided against itself on the issue of
  slavery.
• National news attention about the speech led to
  the Lincoln-Douglas debates.
• Lincoln challenged Douglas on popular
  sovereignty.
• In the Freeport Doctrine, Douglas said people
  could stop slavery by refusing to pass laws
  allowing it.
• Lincoln called slavery immoral but denied
  proposing racial equality.

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The Election of 1860

• Two years later, Lincoln and Douglas ran against
  each other for president, facing hard battles.
• The Democrats were divided and split completely,
  as southern Democrats walked out of the
  nominating convention.
• The remaining Democrats nominated Douglas, and
  southern Democrats elected John Breckenridge.
• Southern moderates started their own party, the
  Constitutional Union Party.
• The Republicans chose Lincoln because his
  abolitionist views were strong but moderate.
• Lincoln won the election in the North and became
  president with only 40 of the vote.

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Inauguration Day, March 4th, 1861
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Southern Secession Causes and Effects

• A week after Lincolns election, the South
  Carolina called a convention to consider leaving
  the Union.
• South Carolina Secedes followed, including
  Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
  Louisiana, and Texas.
• Four other statesVirginia, North Carolina,
  Tennessee, and Arkansasalso threatened to secede.

• Causes of Secession
• The Compromise of 1850
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• The Election of 1860

• Effects of Secession
• South Carolina fears a northern-controlled
  government will act against slavery and withdraws
  from the Union.
• Several states follow, forming the Confederate
  States of America.

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The Confederate States of America

• In February 1861, seven seceded states met in
  Montgomery, Alabama, to form a new nation.
• They created the Confederate States of America,
  or the Confederacy, which, problematically,
  lacked national currency and official
  headquarters.
• They chose Jefferson Davis, a former U.S. Senator
  from Mississippi, as president.
• The Capital was Richmond, Virginia

Jefferson Davis
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Section 2 - The Civil War

• The Union
• The Yankees
• Population of 22 million
• Resources
• Industries
• Transportation - trains
• Steel mills iron mines

• The Confederacy
• The Rebels
• Population of 9 million of which 3 million were
  slaves
• More Agricultural
• Stronger military leaders and experience
• Only had to fight a defensive war

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Fort Sumter

• 4/61 - The Confederacy bombs the Union Fort in
  the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina until
  they surrendered.

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Bulls Run - Manassas, VA

• 7/61 - 1st major battle outside Washington D.C.
• People came out to watch, the South had a
  surprising victory.
• Untrained troops on both sides transformed the
  battle to chaos and ended hopes for a short war.

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Monitor and the Merrimack

• Ironsides battle at Hampton Roads.
• CSS Virginia (USS Merrimack) vs.USS Monitor
• The North had a superiority on the sea and
  blockaded all southern ports.

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The War in the West

• Gaining control of the Mississippi River would
  split the Confederacy in two
• Grant moved South, winning a major victory at the
  Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee, but the fierce
  battle dashed northern hopes that the rebellion
  would collapse on its own. 20,000 killed.
• A Union fleet under Admiral David Farragut moved
  north along the Mississippi, capturing New
  Orleans and other river cities.

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Antietam

• 9/62 - Biggest one day bloodbath.
• Over 30,000 killed and wounded.
• Ended in a Union victory when McClellan stopped
  Lees advance into Maryland.
• Lee retreats to Virginia.

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Antietam
Lincoln McClellan

• When McClellan doesnt pursue, Lincoln puts
  Burnside in command.

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Fredericksburg

• 12/62 - The South (Lee and Jackson) defeat the
  North (Burnside) in Virginia when Burnside tries
  a frontal assault and is massacred.
• Burnside resigns and Joseph Hooker takes over the
  Union Command

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Chancellorsville

• 5/63 - Lee defeats Hooker despite 120,000 to
  60,000 advantage.
• Gen. Stonewall Jackson is accidentally shot and
  later dies.

Thomas Stonewall Jackson
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GETTYSBURG

• THE HIGH WATER MARK OF THE CONFEDERACY
• ROBERT E. LEE

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LITTLE ROUND TOP
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LITTLE ROUND TOP
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LITTLE ROUND TOP
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CHAMBERLAINE
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BAYONETTE CHARGE
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DEVILS DEN
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PICKETTS CHARGE
GEORGE PICKETT
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PICKETT RALLYING THE TROOPS
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CONFEDERATE ARTILLERY
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CONFEDERATE ARTILLERY
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COPSE OF TREES
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UNION ARTILLERY
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ARMISTEAD CALLING ALL VIRGINIANS
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THE CHARGE
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UNION POSITION BEHIND THE STONEWALL
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THE ANGLE
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HANCOCKS UNION POSITION
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ARMISTEAD IS SHOTSENDS HIS APOLOGY TO HIS FRIEND
HANCOCK
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ARMISTEAD FALLS
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HIGH WATER MARK
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HIGH WATER MARK
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THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
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THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

• FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO, OUR FATHERS
  BROUGHT FORTH ON THIS CONTINENT A NEW NATION,
  CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY AND DEDICATED TO THE
  PROPOSITION THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL.
• NOW WE ARE ENGAGED IN A GREAT CIVIL WAR, TESTING
  WHETHER THAT NATION, OR ANY NATION SO CONCEIVED
  AND SO DEDICATED, CAN LONG ENDURE.

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THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

• WE CAN NOT CONSECRATE - WE CAN NOT HALLOW - THIS
  GROUND. THE BRAVE MEN, LIVING AND DEAD, WHO
  STRUGGLED HERE HAVE CONSECRATED IT FAR ABOVE OUR
  POOR POWER TO ADD OR DETRACT.
• WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT THESE DEAD SHALL NOT
  HAVE DIED IN VAIN - THAT THIS NATION, UNDER GOD,
  SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM - AND THAT
  GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE, FOR THE
  PEOPLE, SHALL NOT PERISH FROM THE EARTH.

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Vicksburg

• 7/63 - Gen. Ulysses Grant and the North defeat
  the South at Vicksburg taking control of the
  Mississippi River.

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Grant Appointed Commander
Grant orders Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman to
march to the Sea. The Union destroys and burns
everything in sight in a 60 mile wide path
through Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia.
Sherman
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The Final Battles

• Grant fights Lee in three battles in his attempt
  to take the Capital of Richmond
• Virginia Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold
  Harbor
• Grant lost as many Union soldiers as there were
  serving in Lees Army

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Lee Surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse
The McLean house where Lee surrendered to Grant
on April 9, 1865.
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Results

• A. Losses
• 1. Union 360,000
• 2. Confederate 260,000
• 3. 375,000 wounded
• B. Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
  five days after the South surrenders

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Reconstruction

• Lincolns Plan
• Reunify country - Lenient Plan
• 10 of men eligible to vote in South must swear
  allegiance to Union
• Vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill - Majority had to take
  oath

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Andrew Johnsons Plan

• Outspoken critic of southern traitors
• Plan was lenient on the South, following
  Lincolns lead
• Amnesty - Pardon to Confederates who sign oath
• Special Pardons-for military leaders landowners
  worth more than 20,000

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Congress Reconstruction Acts

• Five Military Districts Federal Troops
  stationed
• Congress refused to seat Southern representatives
  because of the Black Codes which restricted the
  rights of newly freed slaves
• Civil Rights Act - citizenship to African
  Americans
• 14th Amendment - prevented states from denying
  rights or privileges of any citizen
• 15th Amendment - the right to vote cannot be
  denied for race, color, or former servitude.
• Enforcement Act of 1870 - prosecute anyone who
  violate 14th or 15th Amendment

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Southern Reconstruction

• Whites refused to vote in Southern elections
• African Americans influenced the Polls
• The Republican Party controlled all of the state
  governments
• African Americans outnumbered whites in the
  legislatures
• Congress tried to Impeach Johnson for firing Sec.
  of War Edwin Stanton without Congress approval.
  He is acquitted by one vote in the Senate.

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Ku Klux Klan

• The first Klan was founded in 1865 by Tennessee
  veterans of the Confederate Army.
• Groups spread throughout the South.
• Its purpose was to restore white supremacy in the
  aftermath of the Civil War.
• The Klan resisted Reconstruction by assaulting,
  murdering and intimidating freedmen and white
  Republicans.

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Ulysses S. Grant

• Ulysses Grant wins Presidency
• 18th President
• Democrats control south again and will continue
  until the election of Ronald Reagan

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Freedmens Bureau

• Federal agency set up to give freed slaves land,
  food, education, horses and mules
• 40,000 African Americans established farms in
  South
• Illiteracy declined

A Bureau agent stands between an armed group of
Southern whites and a group of freed slaves in
1868
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Former Slaves in the South

• Sharecropping - land given in exchange for a
  portion of the crops
• not much different than slavery, still lived in
  same conditions

• Poll Tax - fee paid to vote, kept poor and blacks
  from voting
• Gerrymandering - redrawing district boundaries to
  lessen black voting power

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Southern Governments

• Carpetbaggers
• Northerners who ran Southern administrations
• many were dishonest and involved in scandals

• Scalawags
• Southern whites who opposed secession and who
  participated in the Reconstruction Governments
  with the Northerners

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The End of Reconstruction

• Election of 1876 - Rutherford Hayes vs. Samuel
  Tilden
• -Close election, disputes in 4 states (3 in
  South)
• -Settled by Republicans giving concessions to
  the South
• -Hayes elected by 1 Electoral College vote
• -Ending Reconstruction
• -Union troops pulled out of South
• Supreme Court overturns Enforcement Act Civil
  Rights Act
• Former slaves still have no land, no power, no
  money.
• Many African Americans move west.