Third World Nationalism

1
Third World Nationalism

• History 106
• April 27, 2009

2
Reminder

• Readings for this week Bentley and Ziegler,
  chapter 36 Mohandas K. Gandhi, Broadcast to
  Americans (At this link, scroll down the
  left-side panel to item 15, Broadcast to
  America, Sept.13, 1931 and click on it) and
  Gandhi, quotes headed the Curse of
  Industrialization.
• Midterm is Wed., May 6. Instructions and essay
  questions are here.
• Next weeks sections (May 4 and 5) will devote
  time to exam review.

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Some Websites of Interest

• Mexico Empire to Revolution websitemany
  excellent photographs
• The Nationalism Projectambitious site on the
  concept of nationalism
• The Story of Indiawebsite of recent PBS series

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Three worlds? Two worlds? One world?

• Third World as a Cold War phrase
• Two worlds? A world divided between North and
  South
• One world? Globalization and nationalism

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• Getting its history wrong is an essential part
  of being a nation.French philosopher Ernest
  Renan

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Imperialism and Nationalism

• Third World nationalism as result of
  imperialism
• Response to domination and exploitation
• National identities and colonial boundaries
• Creating Imagined Communities
• Imagined Communities is the title of a very
  influential book by Benedict Anderson.
• Language communities, print media, civil
  servants, military service

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Nationalist Models and Motives

• Self-determination in Eastern Europe after the
  Great War/Promises betrayed outside of Europe
• League of Nations Mandate system
• The Soviet Communist example and Communism as a
  world-wide revolutionary movement
• Impact of the Great Depression
• Popular religious movements

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Nationalism and Its Rivals

• Separatist and autonomy movements
• Movements of trans-national unity
  Pan-Africanism, Pan-Americanism, Pan-Arabism
• Simultaneous loyalty to a nation and a smaller
  unit?

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"Poor Mexico, so far from God and so near to the
United Statesattributed to Porfirio Diaz
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Decline of Porfirio Diazs Regime (1876-1910)

• Diazs long rule brings economic development but
  widens gaps between rich and poor
• Insecure peasant landholdings
• U.S. economic control
• Economic stagnation, labor and peasant unrest in
  early twentieth century

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Mexican Revolution 1910-1920

• Madero a moderate revolutionary
• Attacks from conservatives and radicals
• Yankee Intervention 1913-1919

Crowd cheers Madero as he arrives in Mexico City
after fall of Diaz regime.
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Radical Challenges Emiliano Zapata and Pancho
Villa

• Zapata mobilizes peasant revolt in Morelos and
  elsewhere in the South
• Plan of Ayala (1911) demands Tierra y Justicia.

• In the North, Villa emerges as a leader of groups
  of disaffected soldiers, ranch hands, miners and
  railroad workers.
• Villa and Zapata form an alliance in 1914

13
Villa and Zapata, Mexico City, 1914
14
Mexico Post-Revolutionary Stabilization and a
Second Reform Era

• New Constitution proclaimed 1917
• Moderate reform in the 1920s the ejido
  (agricultural cooperatives)
• Church-State conflict and the Cristero revolt
• Lazaro Cardenas presidency (1934-40)
• Land reform and extension of ejido system
• Nationalization of railroads and petroleum
  industry

15
Mexican Muralists The Culture of Radical
Nationalism
Diego Rivera, Man at the Crossroads Originally
painted for Rockefeller Center in New York, the
mural was destroyed after Rivera refused to
remove the image of Lenin.
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Mexican Muralists The Culture of Radical
Nationalism
Hispano-America Mural panel by Jose Clemente
Orozco.
17
Arab Middle East Colonial Domination between the
World Wars

• British and French economic interests
• Cotton and other agricultural products and
  mineral resources
• Formal independence but economic and military
  domination in the Middle East, continued colonial
  rule in North Africa

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Growing Importance of Oil

• Oil first discovered in Persia Iran 1908
• Iraq 1928
• Bahrain 1932
• Saudi Arabia 1938
• Western corporate alliances work out coalitions
  for control

Calouste Gulbenkian, an Armenian businessman,
specialized in working out arrangements for
shared control of Middle East oil. In return,
Gulbenkian took a 5 interest in the joint
operations. He became known as Mr. Five
Percent, one of the richest men in the world
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Complications of Middle East Nationalism

• Nationalism and pan-Arabism
• Nationalism and Islamism
• Arab Nationalism and Zionism

Arab resistance grew along with Zionist migration
to Palestine. This is a scene from the 1936 Arab
Uprising against growing Zionist pressure for a
Jewish homeland in Palestine.
20
India The Raj

• The Jewel in the Crown
• The Raj and the Princely States

Princely States rulers at 1911 visit of Britains
King George V.
21
Indian National Congress

• Formed in 1885 by well-educated upper class
  Indians, the Congress was the first group to
  press Britain for greater control by Indiansi.e.
  by men like themselves.

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Amritsar Massacre 1919
23
Two Directions for Indian Nationalism Gandhi and
Nehru
24
Islam in the Raj
Mohammad Jinnah, leader of the Moslem League, and
Gandhi.