Humans as Vertebrates; Early Development

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Biology 223 Human Anatomy and Physiology Week 1
Lecture 1 Monday Dr. Stuart S. Sumida
Introduction Cells and Tissues Humans as
Vertebrates Early Development of Humans
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• Humans as Vertebrates
• Phylum - Chordata
• Dorsal hollow nerve cord
• Notochord
• Gill slits
• Postanal Tail
• Neural crest tissue as the defining vertebrate
  feature.

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• Cells and Tissues
• Cell structure
• Cell association patterns
• Epithelial pattern
• Mesenchymal pattern
• Tissues
• Epithelial tissue - functions of exchange and
  functions of certain sensory reception.
• Connective tissue
• Muscle nervous tissue

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Epithelial tissue Mesenchymal
Tissue
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• Anatomical Terminology (know the differences)
• Bipedal and orthograde
• Dorsal and ventral
• Medial and lateral
• Cranial and caudal
• anterior and posterior
• inferior and superior
• proximal and distal
• deep and superficial

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• Historical and Developmental Perspectives
• Ontogeny
• Early embryological development
• Cross-section of the body
• Chordate features dorsal hollow nerve cord,
  notochord, gut tube, certain blood vessels,
  muscle blocks, and coelom.

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• Early Development of the Humans
• The egg
• macrolecithal versus microlicethal (know the
  difference)

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• Early stages
• Zygote
• Morula
• Blastocyst - inner cell mass, trophoblast
• Amniotic cavity
• Bilaminar embryo
• Notochord - first discrete structure

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Morula
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• Germ layers
• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm
• Endoderm

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Review Historical and Developmental
Perspectives Ontogeny Early embryological
development Cross-section of the body Chordate
features dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord,
gut tube, certain blood vessels, muscle blocks,
and coelom.
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Concurrent events Neural folds to Neural Groove
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• Mesodermal structures
• Paraxial mesoderm
• Lateral mesoderm
• Intermediate mesoderm
• Somites
• Segmental structures - how many in the head,
  neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and in what
  remains of the tail. What is the total number of
  of segments in the body?

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• Early Development Continued
• Dorsal hollow nerve tube
• Neural crest
• Further differentiation of the mesoderm

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Neural Crest Development
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• Structures Visible in the Basic Cross-Section of
  the Body (Embryo or Adult!)
• Coelom
• Somatopleure
• Splanchnopleure
• Parietal Peritoneum
• Visceral Peritoneum
• Dorsal mesentery
• Ventral mesentery

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Trans-segmental structures versus Segmental
structures
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Gill slits / Gill pouches
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• Further endodermal development
• Lateral folds
• Oropharyngeal membrane
• Embryonic foregut
• Embryonic hindgut

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