MICROSCOPE

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MICROSCOPE

• The microscope may have been invented by eyeglass
  makers in Middelburg, The Netherlands, invented
  sometime between 1590 and 1610.

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• Hans and his son Zacharias Janssen are mentioned
  in the letters of William Boreel ( the Dutch
  envoy to the Court of France) as having invented
  a 20X magnification microscope.

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• Robert Hooke used an early microscope to observe
  slices of cork (bark from the oak tree) using a
  30X power compound microscope. He published his
  observations in "Microgphia" in 1665. He came up
  with the term cell to describe each unit of the
  cork.

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• Robert Hooke, 1635-1703, English Chemist,
  Mathematician, Physicist, and Inventor

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Robert Hookes Observations

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• In 1673, Antony van Leeuwenhoek discovered
  bacteria, free-living and parasitic microscopic
  protists, sperm cells, blood cells, etc., using a
  300X power single lens microscope

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723, Wine Assayer,
Surveyor, Cloth Merchant, Minor Public Official,
and Inventor

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Diagram Showing Light Traveling Through The
Microscope
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http//www.mos.org/sln/sem/tour01.html
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

• SEM use electron illumination. The image is seen
  in 3-D. It has high magnification and high
  resolution. The specimen is coated in gold and
  the electrons bounce off to give you and exterior
  view of the specimen. The pictures are in black
  and white.

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Mosquito - SEM

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Transmission Electron Microscope

• TEM is electron illuminated. This gives a 2-D
  view. Thin slices of specimen are obtained. The
  electron beams pass through this. It has high
  magnification and high resolution

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Structures within Plant Cell - TEM
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• 1. Clean lenses and slides with lens paper.
  Keep a package by your microscope.
• 2. Start with the scanning-power objective lens.
  Make sure its clicked in place.
• 3. Start with 5 for your diaphragm. Make sure
  its clicked in place
• 4. Make sure you have plugged in to an outlet
  and turn your light source on.

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• 5. Raise the stage a substantial amount. Look
  into the eyepiece.
• 6. Look for the edge of the coverslip.

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Microscope Parts and Functions

• arm - this attaches the eyepiece and body tube to
  the base.
• base - this supports the microscope.
• body tube - the tube that supports the eyepiece.

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• coarse focus adjustment - a knob that makes large
  adjustments to the focus.
• diaphragm - an adjustable opening under the
  stage, allowing different amounts of light onto
  the stage.
• eyepiece - where you place your eye.

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• fine focus adjustment - a knob that makes small
  adjustments to the focus (it is often smaller
  than the coarse focus knob
• high-power objective - a large lens with high
  magnifying power.

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• inclination joint - an adjustable joint that lets
  the arm tilt at various angles.
• low-power objective - a small lens with low
  magnifying power

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• mirror (or light source) - this directs light
  upwards onto the slide.
• revolving nosepiece - the rotating device that
  holds the objectives (lenses).

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• stage - the platform on which a slide is placed.
• stage clips - metal clips that hold a slide
  securely onto the stage.

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Elodea 40X
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Elodea 100X

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Elodea 400X

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Microscope Review

• http//www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microsco
  pes/Magnification.html

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The Science of Life

• Biology is the study of living things or the
  science of life
• Organisms are living things whether unicellular
  (one-celled)or multicellular (many cells)

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Chroococcaceae a type of cyanobacteria

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Euglena tripteris a photosynthetic protist

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• Multicellular organisms have cells that have
  differentiated. They look different and do
  different jobs.

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Rotifera

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Parabuthus granulatus

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Unifying biological themes

• Cell structure and function
• Stability and homeostasis
• Reproduction and inheritance
• Evolution

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• Interdependence of organisms
• Matter, energy, and organization

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Cell Theory

• Cell is the basic unit of structure and function
  of living things.
• All organisms are made of cells.
• All organisms come from existing cells.

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Stability and Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the stable internal conditions of
  an organism
• Ex Body temperature of an endotherm
  (warm-blooded organism)
• pH, insulin levels

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Reproduction and Inheritance

• Reproduction - organisms producing new organisms
  of the same species
• Sexual reproduction - process in which two
  cells, normally from different individuals, unite
  to produce the first cell of a new organism

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• Asexual reproduction process in which a single
  organism produces a new organism or organisms
  identical to itself