Sustainable Cities

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Sustainable Cities Energy and Environment a
Zero Carbon Future for a Chinese Town?
Notre Dame High School -12th January 2007
????? --???????? ??????????.????????????
Keith Tovey (???) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE,
CEnv HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation
School of Environmental Sciences, University of
East Anglia
CRed
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Climate Change Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003
??????????1979-2003

• Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region
• Nasa satellite imagery

20 reduction in 24 years
?????????Nasa(???????)????
24?????20
1979
2003
CRed
Source Nasa www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/to
pstory/2003/1023esuice.html
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A Sustainable Future

• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to
  buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan

Low energy design of buildings
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The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
Cost 6 more but has heating requirement 25 of
average building at time. Building Regulations
have been updated 1994, 2002, 2006, but
building outperforms all of these.
Runs on a single domestic sized central heating
boiler. Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the
Carbon Index Scale.
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Principle of Operation of TermoDeck Construction
Quadruple Glazing
Exhaust air passes through a two channel
regenerative heat exchanger which recovers 85
of ventilation heat requirements.
Thick Insulation
Air circulates through whole fabric of building
Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature
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Operation of the Main Building

• Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow
  core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the
  space

Return stale air is extracted from each floor
Air enters the internal occupied space
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A Sustainable Future

• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to
  buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan

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Conservation management improvements
User Satisfaction
thermal comfort 28
air quality 36
lighting 25
noise 26
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy
consumption.
A Low Energy Building is also a better place to
work in
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ZICER Building
Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005
awarded by the Carbon Trust.

• Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003
  was reduced by further 50 by careful record
  keeping, management techniques and an adaptive
  approach to control.
• Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor

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The ZICER Building - Description

• Four storeys high and a basement
• Total floor area of 2860 sq.m
• Two construction types

• Main part of the building
• High in thermal mass
• Air tight
• High insulation standards
• Triple glazing with low emissivity

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Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements
The space heating consumption has reduced by 57
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A Sustainable Future

• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to
  buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan

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ZICER Building
Photo shows only part of top Floor

• Top floor is an exhibition area also to promote
  PV
• Windows are semi transparent
• Mono-crystalline PV on roof 27 kW in 10
  arrays
• Poly- crystalline on façade 6/7 kW in 3 arrays

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Load factors
Performance of PV cells on ZICER
Output per unit area Little difference between
orientations in winter months
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A Sustainable Future

• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to
  buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan

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Conversion efficiency improvements Building
Scale CHP
Localised generation makes use of waste
heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly
61 Flue Losses
36 efficient
86 efficient
Engine heat Exchanger
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Before installation
After installation
This represents a 33 saving in carbon dioxide
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer plant cannot
be used effectively
More electricity could be generated in summer
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Normal Chilling
Adsorption Chilling
Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand
and increases electricity generated
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YANGTZE STAR
????
A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
1 MW ?????
Adsorption chillers can provide air-conditioning
Each one would save around 700 tonnes CO2
???????????????
????????700?CO2
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A Sustainable Future

• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to
  buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan

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Raising Awareness
Each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes
of CO2 each year.
What do 9 tonnes of CO2 look like?
5 hot air balloons
China 2.5 tonnes or 1.4 balloons
??????????9?CO2
9 ?CO2????????
5????
??2.5??1.4????
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Raising Awareness

• Standby on TVs and electrical goods waste energy
  up to 60 kWh a year in China this causes
  emission of over 50kg of CO2 unnecessarily

• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume
  of 1 party balloon.

• A Toyota Corolla (1400cc) will emit the
  equivalent of 1.2 hot air balloons a year or 1
  party balloon every 60m.

• ????????????????60 kWh???--?????????50??CO2???????

• 10????????1?????

• ????????( 1400cc)????????1.2????????60???????

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Results of the Big Switch-Off
With a concerted effort savings of 25 or more
are possible
How can these be translated into long term
savings?
With a concerted effort savings of 25 or more
are possible
How can these be translated into long term
savings?
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A Sustainable Future

• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to
  buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan

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Raising Awareness
Comparison of emissions of different countries
Electricity Generation in China is dominated by
coal
Carbon Emission factor 0.870 kg/kWh cf 0.52
kg/kWh in UK
?????????
????????????
?????0.870 kg/kWh ????????0.52kg/kWh
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YANGTZE STAR
????
A striking architectural feature
???????
An integrated renewable power station
???????????
An educational facility
???????
A research facility
???????
A visitor attraction
??????????
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Yangste STAR
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Dongtan A Vision for the Future
??????
Low Energy Buildings in Dongtan City
?????????
Integrated Renewable Power Station with Biomass/
MSW/ Biogas/ Solar and Wind
??????/????/??/???????????????
????????????????????.
Direct Interaction between energy demand by
residents and energy generation.
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YANGTZE STAR
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6

• ??????????????
• ???????
• ???????????

• Like the river, the greenhouse will meander
  through the STAR providing
• Education
• Research
• Awareness Raising
• A Visitor Attraction

The STAR is inspired by the power of the Yangste
and its meandering journey to the sea.

• Dongtan will have minimal impact on the
  environment through
• Low energy buildings
• Energy from renewable sources

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• ?????????????????,??????????
• ??
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• ????

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Biomass Fuel Delivery ?????????
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Biogas Building with support area beneath
hill ???????????????
Municipal Building with support below
mound ???????????????
Biomass Building with storage area beneath
hill ?????????????????
Energy River Greenhouse of the
future ????-????
Visitor Centre Solar Research ????????????
Main Entrance ???
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Yangste STAR
????
Section through Biomass Station storage is held
below artificial hill
Section through Biogas Station storage also below
artificial hill
????????????????????
????????????????????
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Yangste STAR
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Large Scale Wind
?????
Urban Wind -
????- Microgeneration
?????
Building Integrated
?????? Photovoltaic Cells
???
Digestion Biogas CHP
??????CHP
MSW Combined Heat
????????? Power(CHP)
(CHP)
Rice Residue CHP
??????CHP Cultivated Biomas CHP
?????CHP Cultivated Biomas Boiler
???????
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YANGTZE STAR
????
????/????
The Greenhouse / Visitor Centre
????-
A research area
?????????,???????????
how might plants adapt to be more effective in
replacing fossil fuels?
??????????????
what new management practices might be needed?
Provide an International Conference Centre
??????????
To disseminate new ideas about the environment,
and sustainable technologies throughout the
international community.
???????????????????
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YANGTZE STAR
????
????/????
The Greenhouse / Visitor Centre
??????--
An educational area to tell
how the climate evolved
??????
how the fossil fuels were formed and exploited.
????????????
how renewable energy can be the power for the
future.
?????????????
Awareness Raising
????
how individuals can play their part to save
energy.
???????????????
??????
Through interactive displays
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Yangze STAR
????
Awareness Raising / Education
????/??

• Dongtan will be a city of the future

• ?????????

• ?????????

• Integrated development of Low Carbon
• Buildings

• Powered by Renewable Energy

• ???????????

• Citizens and children engaged in their
• city and its future

• ??????????????????????

??????????????????????????

• A Landmark Project for the Whole World
• Collaboration between China and UK

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Dongtan The Social Dimension
??-?????
Demand for energy often exceeds technical
performance by up to 100
????????????????,????100
Excess can be reduced by
??????????????
Good Energy Management
???????
Effective Education
?????
Awareness raising
?????
Innovative Tariffs
???????
Typical Tariffs
??????

• Flat Rate

• ????

• Multi-rate cheaper for high users

• ????-??????

???????
Adversely affects low users

• Multi-rate initial low rate

• ????-?????

Encourages conservation
????
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Qianwei Village ChongMing Island
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ChongMing Island
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And Finally
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist
philosopher
"If you do not change direction, you may end up
where you are heading."
The vision for Sustainable Cities will allow us
to change direction so we do not end up where we
are now heading and we can avoid the worst
effects of Climate Change.
? ?
?? (604-531BC)???????????
(??)??????,????????
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A copy of this presentation will be available
at
www.cred-uk.org gtgtgt follow Academic Links