Xenolog: Homologs resulting from horizontal gene transfer

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Xenolog Homologs resulting from horizontal gene
transfer
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Orthologous or paralogous homologs?
Early globin gene
Gene Duplication
ß-chain gene
?-chain gene
mouse ?
cattle ß
human ß
mouse ß
human ?
cattle ?
Orthologs (?)
Orthologs (ß)
Paralogs (cattle)
Homologs
Orthologs diverged only after speciation tend
to have similar function Paralogs diverged
after gene duplication some functional
divergence occurs
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True or False? A1x is the ortholog in species x
of A1y? A1x is a paralog of A2x? A1x is a
paralog of A2y?
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More genome, means more regulation! 98.5 of
the human genome is noncoding
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PROKARYA, ARCHAEA, AND EUKARYA
Now that you know a little more about them. . .

• Lets do some comparative analysis this year in
  M2O!
• Genome structure and diversity
• Modes of replication or life cycles
• Cell structures
• Gene regulation
• Metabolic processes
• Ask yourself this question throughout the year
• . . . how do they differ and how are they similar?

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HOW DO WE DO IT?
BIOMOLECULES!!
Sequences Genomic sequences Evolutionary analyses
3D Structures Nucleic acids proteins
Function Studies Genetic knockouts Natural
mutants In vitro assays Array data
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LEARN TO USE THE INFORMATION THAT IS ALREADY OUT
THERE!