Evolving to Geostationary High Spectral Resolution Infrared Measurements

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Evolving to Geostationary High Spectral
Resolution Infrared Measurements
Paul Menzel and Jun Li Cooperative Institute for
Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS),
Madison, WI Tim Schmit and James Gurka NOAA
Satellite and Information Services With
considerable help from colleagues at Cooperative
Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies
(CIMSS), Madison, WI and Cooperative Institute
for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Ft
Collins, CO Using the Current Geo-Sounder High-sp
ectral resolution IR Experience with NAST-I
AIRS Evolving to a Geostationary High Capability
Sounder Summary
Jan 2007
UW-Madison
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GOES-R

• Research -- includes remote sensing of cloud and
  atmospheric properties, numerical model
  applications, and sensor design and calibration.
• Education -- has directly supervised over 30
  Masters and PhD students and taught a number of
  graduate-level courses on remote sensing.
• International Activities has chaired the World
  Meteorological Organizations Expert Team on
  Evolution of the Global Observing System.
• NOAA Senior Scientist was responsible for
  conducting and stimulating research on
  environmental remote sensing systems, fostering
  expanded utilization of those systems locally and
  globally, and assisting in the evolution of the
  NOAA polar orbiting and geostationary satellite
  holdings.
• Ph.D. University of Wisconsin Madison - in
  Theoretical Solid State Physics

Dr. W. Paul Menzel Senior Scientist NOAA/NESDIS (n
ow with CIMSS)
Sounder
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Evolving to Geostationary High Spectral
Resolution Infrared Measurements
Paul Menzel and Jun Li Cooperative Institute for
Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS),
Madison, WI Tim Schmit and James Gurka NOAA
Satellite and Information Services With
considerable help from colleagues at Cooperative
Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies
(CIMSS), Madison, WI and Cooperative Institute
for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Ft
Collins, CO Using the Current Geo-Sounder High-sp
ectral resolution IR Experience with NAST-I
AIRS Evolving to a Geostationary High Capability
Sounder Summary
Jan 2007
UW-Madison
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On 6 December 1966 the Applications Technology
Satellite (ATS-1) was launched. We have had the
benefit of the geostationary perspective for 40
years!
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Verner Suomi explains the geostationary orbit
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• the weather moves - not the satellite
• Verner Suomi

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One minute imaging over Florida
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GOES-12 Sounder Brightness Temperature
(Radiances) 12 bands
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Ralph Petersen/Bob Aune GOES DPIs used to
PREDICT Convective Destabilization Nowcasts show
Low-level Moistening Upper-level Drying
occuring simultaneously
Vertical Moisture Gradient (900-700 hPa GOES PW -
700-500 hPa GOES PW) 0 Hour Nowcast for
2100UTC From 13 April 2006 2100UTC
Stable ? Unstable
Derived Vertical Moisture Gradient
Upper-level Dryness (left) and Low-level
Moisture (right)
Dry ? Moist
13 April 2006 2100 UTC 700-300 hPa GOES PW 0
Hour Nowcast
13 April 2006 2100 UTC 900-700 hPa GOES PW 0
Hour Nowcast
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Resulting hail from 13 April 2006 in Madison, WI
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Hole in Menzel gutter caused by hail on 13 Apr 06
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Atmospheric Instability
NWS Forecaster responses (Summer of 1999) to
"Rate the usefulness of LI, CAPE CINH (changes
in time/axes/gradients in the hourly product) for
location/timing of thunderstorms." There were
248 valid weather cases. - Significant Positive
Impact (30) - Slight Positive Impact (49) - No
Discernible Impact (19) - Slight Negative Impact
(2) - Significant Negative Impact (0)
National Weather Service, Office of Services
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Oct 2001 forecast impact () for T, u, v, RH
fields after 24-hrs of Eta model integration
Zapotocny, 2004
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Evolving to Geostationary High Spectral
Resolution Infrared Measurements
Paul Menzel and Jun Li Cooperative Institute for
Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS),
Madison, WI Tim Schmit and James Gurka NOAA
Satellite and Information Services With
considerable help from colleagues at Cooperative
Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies
(CIMSS), Madison, WI and Cooperative Institute
for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Ft
Collins, CO Using the Current Geo-Sounder High-sp
ectral resolution IR Experience with NAST-I
AIRS Evolving to a Geostationary High Capability
Sounder Summary
Jan 2007
UW-Madison
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Inferring surface properties with S-HIS IR high
spectral resolution data Note the large change
in surface emissivity caused by bare soil between
960 and 1060 cm-1.
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Pure Vegetation
1.0
Aircraft S-HIS Land Sfc Emiss
S-HIS OBS
Bare Soil
0.85
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Knuteson, 2004
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Inferring moisture profiles with improved
vertical resolution
Andros Island Bahamas 12 Sep 98
Raob
NAST-I
NAST
Altitude (km)
Relative Humidity ()
Smith et al, 2004
3km
Distance (75 km)
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Profile Retrievals in Cirrus Clouds with NAST-I
GOES IR (2208UT)
GOES IR (2208UT)
May 30, 2002
o
o
SRL
Flight Track
o
o
SRL
Flight Track
Smith et al, 2004
GOES Visible (2208 UT)
Thin cirrus produces little effect on retrieval
NASA SRL data
May 30, 2002 (19.5 23 UT)
(37.8N, 100W)
Aerosol Backscatter
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AIRS Spectra from around the Globe
20-July-2002 Ascending LW_Window
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AIRS Spectral Signatures from Desert, Dust,
Water, Water cloud, and Cirrus
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Inferring surface properties with AIRS high
spectral resolution data Barren region detection
if T1086 lt T981
T(981 cm-1)-T(1086 cm-1)
Barren vs Water/Vegetated
T(1086 cm-1)
Tobin et al, 2003
AIRS data from 14 June 2002
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Characterizing Land and Sea Surfaces AIRS is
enabling surface emissivity estimates from
atmospheric window channel measurements.
Example shows ?sfc(?) over the Mediterranean Sea
to Algeria to the Sahara Desert.
SW
Transect from Mediterranean to Sahara
LW
Plokhenko, 2004
LW
SW
Wavenumber
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AIRS detection of Mt Etna ash cloud 28 Oct 2002
SO2 signal 1284-1345 cm-1
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Inferring ash cloud height from AIRS clear sky
and in ash soundings
Ash cloud and clear sky spectra
Using HYDRA visualization S/W of Rink et al, 2007
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AIRS data from 28 Aug 2005
Clear Sky vs Opaque High Cloud Spectra
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Zoom in on spectra from cloudy fov to see
warming with height above tropopause in O3
absorption band
Zoom toolbar
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AIRS Cirrus vs Clear Sky Spectra
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Offline-Online in LW CO2
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Offline-Online in H2O
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Offline-Online in LW IRW showing low level
moisture
Red changes less
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H2O lines
CO2 lines
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H2O
H2O
CO2
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CO2 on/off line difference changes across
Black Sea On/off line difference is larger
over west than east Implies steeper low-level
lapse rate over west than east
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H2O on/off line difference changes across
Black Sea On/off line difference is larger
over west than east Implies more low-level
moisture over west than east Role of
low-level lapse rate in H2O line strength
has to be considered it can enhance or
mask implied moisture content
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• Clean window at 2616 cm-1
• reveals skin temperature gradient
• of 4 C where western Black Sea
• is colder than eastern

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(CO2 Off-On Diff) / (H2O Off-On Diff) indicates
low level moisture Western Black Sea is more moist
Sieglaff, 2007
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Moisture Profiles (left) confirm western Black
Sea (black) is more moist
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Resolving absorption features in atmospheric
windows enables detection of temperature
inversions
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Validation of AIRS profile retrievals at CART site
AIRS resolves absorption features in atmospheric
windows enabling detection of temperature
inversions warming with height evident from
spikes up
Li et al, 2006
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AIRS Sounding in Eye of Isabel
Integrate Hydrostatic Equation Downward from 100
hPa to Surface Environment Sounding Ps 1012
hPa Eye Sounding Ps 936
hPa Aircraft Recon Ps 933 hPa
DeMaria, CIRA, 2004
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Evolving to Geostationary High Spectral
Resolution Infrared Measurements
Paul Menzel and Jun Li Cooperative Institute for
Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS),
Madison, WI Tim Schmit and James Gurka NOAA
Satellite and Information Services With
considerable help from colleagues at Cooperative
Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies
(CIMSS), Madison, WI and Cooperative Institute
for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Ft
Collins, CO Using the Current Geo-Sounder High-sp
ectral resolution IR Experience with NAST-I
AIRS Evolving to a Geostationary High Capability
Sounder Summary
Jan 2007
UW-Madison
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GHS (2025?)
The road to a Geostationary High-capability
Sounder (GHS)
(1600)
MTG (2015?)
GIFTS (2010?)
(1600)
(1300)
CrIS (2009)
(8500)
IASI (2006)
AIRS (2003)
(2400)
(8600)
NAST-I (1998)
(23000)
IMG (1997)
GHS will be a operational high spectral, spatial
and temporal resolution instrument
GOES Sounder (1994)
(18)
HIS (1986)
VAS (1980)
(12)
VTPR, HIRS (1972, 1978)
(18)
IRIS (1969)
time
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Evolving GOES
GOES will be evolving to address all four key
remote sensing areas spatial resolution what
picture element size is required to identify
feature of interest and to capture its spatial
variability spectral coverage and resolution
what part of EM spectrum at each spatial element
should be measured, and with what spectral
resolution, to analyze an atmospheric or surface
parameter temporal resolution how often does
feature of interest need to be observed and
radiometric resolution what signal to noise is
required and how accurate does an observation
need to be.
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Findings from Geo-Hyperspectral Sounder OSSE
Geo-Increased Spectral Resolution Sounder
(Geo-I) sees into Boundary Layer (BL) providing
low level (850 RH) moisture information
Geo-Broadband Radiometer (Geo-R) only offers
information above BL (700 RH)
Aune et al, 2000
OSSE 12 hr assimilation followed by 12 hr forecast
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Findings from Geo-Hyperspectral Sounder OSSE
Two polar orbiting interferometers (Leo) do not
provide the temporal coverage to sustain forecast
improvement out to 12 hours. Only the hourly
Geo-Increased Spectral Resolution Sounder (Geo-I)
observations depict moisture changes well enough
for forecast benefit.
Aune et al, 2000
OSSE 12 hr assimilation followed by 12 hr forecast
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SYNTHETIC GHS DERIVED PRODUCT IMAGERY From 8 May
2003 using mesoscale scan strategy FOV 1000 km x
1000 km, 6 km footprint, every 5 minutes.
TPW
LI
DeMaria, 2006
CAPE
CIN
Loop duration is three hours for a total of 37
images.
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Time variation of PW, CAPE, LI, and CIN at
sounding location over a three hour period.
PW
CAPE
Lifted Index
CIN
sounding location
6
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Time variation of T and Td at sounding location
over a three hour period
Lifted Index
sounding location
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Time variation of T and Td at sounding location
over a three hour period
Lifted Index
sounding location
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Synthetic GHS Tb Spectrum for sounding location
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GOES-12 Sounder Bands Smoothes over absorption
lines of interest
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• On-line vs off-line differences hold
• key information about lower troposphere

Sieglaff, 2007
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Sounder split window ?BT
On-line off-line hyperspectral windows ?BT
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Delta Time Delta Spectral Summary
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GIFTS Sensor Module Technologies
Imaging FTS Long wave IR detector FPA Active
cooling Light weight optics High speed Analog
to Digital conversion
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Can do 4 km fovs in 500x500 km area in 10 sec
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Bingham et al, 2006
First data from GIFTS viewing the sky March
2006 compared with AERI measurements
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First data from GIFTS viewing the sky March
2006 compared with AERI measurements
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Evolving to Geostationary High Spectral
Resolution Infrared Measurements
Paul Menzel and Jun Li Cooperative Institute for
Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS),
Madison, WI Tim Schmit and James Gurka NOAA
Satellite and Information Services With
considerable help from colleagues at Cooperative
Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies
(CIMSS), Madison, WI and Cooperative Institute
for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Ft
Collins, CO Using the Current Geo-Sounder High-sp
ectral resolution IR Experience with NAST-I
AIRS Evolving to a Geostationary High Capability
Sounder Summary
Jan 2007
UW-Madison
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GHS temporal (hourly), spectral (1 cm-1),
spatial (4-10 km), radiometric (0.1 K)
capabilities will depict water vapor as never
before by identifying small scale features of
moisture vertically and horizontally in the
atmosphere track atmospheric motions much
better by discriminating more levels of motion
and assigning heights more accurately
characterize life cycle of clouds (cradle to
grave) and identify cloud particle sizes (useful
for radiative effects of clouds) measure
surface temperatures (land and sea) by accounting
for emissivity effects (improved SSTs useful for
sea level altimetry applications) distinguish
volcanic ash (useful for aircraft routing),
ozone, and possibly some trace gases (SO2, CH4,
CO, ) with improved certainty.
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The Way Forward (guidance from the GOES-R
Sounding AWG) A GIFTS Demonstration should be
pursued in coordination with NASA. This
prototype mission would provide experience with a
large volume of high temporal and spectral
resolution data. A pre-operational GHS should
be pursued for 2016 (on GOES-S). This prototype
instrument would introduce the technology that
will be used operationally and provide a testbed
for operational data processing and
utilization. GHS operations should be planned
to begin in 2021 (on GOES-T). This allows
adequate time for all phases of preparation
algorithm development, technology testing, and
user familiarization.