Edwin R. Guthrie (1886-1959)

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Edwin R. Guthrie (1886-1959)

• Acts vs. movement
• Common speech defines acts
• in terms of their results, not in terms
• of the movements by which those
• results are accomplished.
• We eat a dinner, sail a boatFor each of
  these acts there may be a thousand different
  patterns of muscular contractions in the details
  of the achievement-Guthrie (1940)
• Learning through contiguity
• One-trial learning

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Hull and Tolman

• Clark Hull (1884-1952) Need reduction theory
• Primary vs. secondary drives
• Habit strength
• Edward Tolman (1886-1959) motor and purposive
  behavior
• Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men (1948)
• Insight learning experiments
• Place vs. response learning

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Rotter Bandura

• Julian Rotter (1916-)
• Social learning theory
• Locus of control Internal vs. external
• People who hold a low view of themselves will
  credit their achievements to external factors
  rather than to their own capabilities.
• Albert Bandura (1925-)
• Social cognitive theory
• Self-efficacy
• Modeling and vicarious reinforcement
• Observational learning

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Sample Locus of Control Items

• Whether or not I get to be a leader depends
  mostly on my ability.
• My life is chiefly controlled by powerful others.

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Contributions and Fate of Behaviorism

• Still strong and actively espoused school
• Less influential since Skinners death
• Vulnerable to cognitive theorists
• Rotter and Bandura bridge the gap between
  behaviorists and cognitivistsuseful in lab and
  clinical applications