Journal

1
Journal

• When you hear the word Muslim or Islam, what
  do you think of? Why?
• Pg. 230 (1-3)
• Pg. 234 (1-2)

2
ISLAM

• Patterns of Interaction Chapters 10, 15
• Stearns Chapters 6, 7, and 8

3
SETTING

• 5th and 6th Century CE
• Fading Roman Empire replaced by Byzantine Empire
  to the east.
• Arabia (Modern Day Saudi Arabia)

4
The People of Arabia

• Bedouins (desert nomads)
• Kin-related clan groups associated with larger
  tribes.
• Loyalty to family was important for survival
• Constant infighting created weakened position
  relative to outsiders

5
Trade Routes

• Important trade routes crossed Arabia
• Mecca became a cultural crossroads dominated by
  the Umayyad Clan
• Kaba Religious shrine associated with Abraham
• Was source of pilgrimages and inter-clan truces
• The Kaba was home to some 360 idols of worship
• Allah Arabic for God, monotheism was common

6
Muhammad (570-632 CE)

• Born in Mecca and grew up to be a business
  manager
• Traveled abroad on business where he came in
  contact with both Jews and Christians
• Marries Khadijah, a wealthy businesswoman at age
  25
• Claims to be visited by angel Gabriel at age 40
• Was preaching publicly by 613

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8
ADVERSITY

• Islam Submission to the will of God
• Muslim One who submits to the will of God
• Muhammad taught monotheism and rejection of the
  idols of the Kaba
• Angry Meccan merchants expelled him from the
  city.
• Muhammad and his followers fled to Yathrib (later
  named Medina or City of the Prophet) in 622
  (This became year 1 in the Muslim calendar and
  was known as the Hijrah.)

9
ISLAM GROWS

• Muhammads followers begin to attack Meccan
  caravans
• 630 Muhammad returns to Mecca and clears out the
  Kaba.
• The only object left is a black stone thought to
  be hurled to earth by Allah.
• Muhammad dies in 632 and his teachings are
  assembled by Abu Bakr in the Koran (the holy book
  of Islam)

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11
ISLAMIC TEACHINGS

• 5 Pillars
• Recitation of Faith There is no God but Allah
  and Muhammad is His prophet.
• Prayer toward Mecca 5 times daily
• Alms Giving money to the poor
• Fasting during the month of Ramadan
• Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) once in your lifetime.

12
ISLAMIC TEACHINGS

• Koran / Quran
• Holy book of Islam with the teachings of Muhammad
• Written in Arabic will act as a link among all
  Muslims as only Arabic translations are allowed
  in worship
• Sunna The example of the Prophet
• Sharia Law Combination of Sunna and Qurans
  teachings assembled for practical living (law,
  family, business, and community living)
• Extended to all areas of human activity

13
CONQUEST

• Jihad
• struggle
• Against vice
• Against ignorance of Islam
• holy war
• Against unbelievers who threaten Islam

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15
CONQUEST

• 632 Abu Bakr becomes the first Caliph
  (deputy or successor) and subdues Arabia
• Rightly Guided Caliphs
• Umar Takes Syria and lower Egypt
• Uthman and Ali These conquer territory from the
  Indus to the Atlantic across north Africa
• Umayyads take over and move capital to Damascus,
  Syria.

16
Division

• A split occurred over who should be Caliph
• Shia The party of Ali, those who believed
  the Caliph should only be a relative of Muhammad.
• Sunni Followers of Muhammads example, who
  accepted Umayyad rule
• Sufi Mystical sect of Muslims who reacted to
  the luxurious and corrupt lifestyle of the
  Umayyads

17
The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE)

• From Meccan merchant class
• Brought stability to the Islamic community
• Capital Damascus, Syria
• Associated with Arab military aristocracy

18
Policy Toward Conquered Persons

• Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes
  discontent
• Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims
• Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims
• Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline
  in moral authority

19
The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE)

• Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia,
  non-Arab Muslims
• Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia
• Defeats Umayyad army in 750
• Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them

20
Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty

• Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not
  exclusively Arab)
• Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial
  expansion
• Content to administer the empire inherited
• Dar al-Islam
• Growth through military activity of autonomous
  Islamic forces

21
Abbasid Administration

• Persian influence
• Court at Baghdad
• Influence of Islamic scholars
• Ulama and qadis sought to develop policy based on
  the Quran and sharia

22
Abbasid Decline

• Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid
• Provincial governors assert regional independence
• Dissenting sects, heretical movements
• Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian
  nobility
• Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power
  behind the throne

23
Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone

• Historical precedent of Arabic trade
• Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes
• ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10th
  century
• Camel caravans
• Maritime trade

24
Economy of the Early Islamic World

• Spread of food and industrial crops
• Trade routes from India to Spain
• Western diet adapts to wide variety
• New crops adapted to different growing seasons
• Agricultural sciences develop
• Cotton, paper industries develop
• Major cities emerge

25
Banking and Trade

• Scale of trade causes banks to develop
• Sakk (check)
• Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam
  promotes trade
• Joint ventures common

26
Changing Status of Women

• Quran improves status of women
• Outlawed female infanticide
• Brides, not husbands, claim dowries
• Yet male dominance preserved
• Patrilineal descent
• Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden
• Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice

27
Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition

• Islamic values
• Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam
• Establishment of madrasas
• Importance of the Hajj
• Sufi missionaries
• Asceticism, mysticism
• Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians
• Wide popularity

28
Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)

• Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take
  Spain, early 8th c.
• Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid
  dynasty
• Formed own caliphate
• Tensions, but interrelationship

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