Stephen Milczanowski

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Chapter 1

• Stephen Milczanowski

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Scientific Notation

• Used for describing very large or very small
  numbers.
• In the format (number between 1-10) x 10power.
• Example 231 can be described as 2.31 x 102

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Scientific Notation (large numbers)

• 32,000,000 miles is 3.2 x 107 miles.
• Moving the decimal place to the left.
• Power of ten is positive.
• Notice how the number of significant figures is
  defined by the number of significant figures of
  the first number in scientific notation.

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Scientific Notation (Small numbers)

• 0.0000000000000000000000299 g is 2.99 x
  10-23 g
• Moving the decimal place to the right.
• Power of ten is negative.

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The Metric System

• Base Units Meter (m), Liter(L), Gram (g)
• The scales of these units are adjusted in powers
  of ten and are described by prefixes.
• 100 is kilo (k)
• 1/100 is centi (c)
• 1/1000 is milli (m)

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Three metric to English Conversions

• 453.6g 1 pound
• 1.06 quarts 1 liter
• 2.54 cm 1 inch

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The Factor Label Method

• Based on the fact if the numerator (top ) and
  the denominator (bottom ) of a fraction are
  equal, than the value of the fraction is equal to
  1.
• Based on the fact that multiplying a measurement
  by one will not change the value of that
  measurement.

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How many eggs are there in three dozen?

• 12 eggs 1 dozen

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Conversion factors

• Each equality can be used in to ways
• 12 inches 1 ft
• To convert inches to ft
• Or to convert ft to inches

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Convert 72.0 inches to feet using the Factor
Label method.
 

• The steps
• Find the starting point
• Collect your conversions.
• Come up with a plan
• Apply your plan.

72.0 inches ? feet
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A newborn baby is measured at 0.47 m long. How
many inches is she?

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Reporting your Answer to the Correct Number of
Significant Figures

•         When multiplying or dividing, report
  your answer to the number of significant figures
  of the least precisely measured measurement.
•         When adding or subtracting, report your
  answer to the decimal place of the least
  precisely measured measurement.
• Some numbers have an infinite number of
  significant figures and so just do not play a
  role. Counted numbers or defined numbers are
  such numbers.

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A train is traveling at 45.0 miles/hour and has
to make a trip of 100 miles. How many minutes
will it take to get there?

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Density

• DM/V
• Density is a conversion factor that
  inter-converts mass and volume.
• The density of water is 1.00 g/ml

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Densities of some things
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Density

• Rank water, ether and carbon tetrachloride in
  terms of density.

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C
F
K
Temperature
100
373
212
Boiling Point
H2O
273
32
0
Freezing Point
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Temperature conversions
KC273
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If body temperature is 98.6?C, what is my
temperature in F? How about K?
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Classification of Matter

• Three States of Matter
• Solid rigid - fixed volume and shape
• Liquid definite volume but assumes the shape
  of its container
• Gas no fixed volume or shape - assumes the
  shape of its container

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Classification of Matter

• Three States of Matter
• Solid rigid - fixed volume and shape
• Liquid definite volume but assumes the shape
  of its container
• Gas no fixed volume or shape - assumes the
  shape of its container

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Types of Mixtures

• Mixtures have variable composition.
• A homogeneous mixture is a solution (for
  example, vinegar)
• A heterogeneous mixture is, to the naked eye,
  clearly not uniform (for example, a bottle of
  ranch dressing)

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Classification of Matter

• Three States of Matter
• Solid rigid - fixed volume and shape
• Liquid definite volume but assumes the shape
  of its container
• Gas no fixed volume or shape - assumes the
  shape of its container

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• Element A substance that cannot be decomposed
  into simpler substances by chemical means. A pure
  substance made up of one type of atom.
• The known elements are represented on the
  periodic table.

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Compound A substance with a constant
composition that can be broken down into elements
by chemical processes. A pure substance made up
of one or more elements chemically bonded
together. (ionic/covalent)
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Types of Mixtures

• Mixtures have variable composition and are
  composed of 2 or more elements and/or compounds,
• A homogeneous mixture is uniform, like a
  solution (for example, vinegar)
• A heterogeneous mixture is, to the naked eye,
  clearly not uniform (for example, a bottle of
  salad dressing)