Chapter 7

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Chapter 7

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Title: Chapter 7

1
Chapter 7 Arrays

7.1 Creating and Accessing Arrays
7.1 (a) Arrays and Loops
7.2 Using Arrays
7.3 Some Additional Types of Arrays
7.4 Sorting and Searching
7.5 Two-Dimensional Arrays

2
7.1 Creating and Accessing Arrays

Declaring an Array Variable
The Load Event Procedure
The GetUpperBound Method
ReDim Statement
Using an Array as a Frequency Table

3
Simple and Array Variables

A variable (or simple variable) is a name to
which Visual Basic can assign a single value.
An array variable is a collection of simple
variables of the same type to which Visual Basic
can efficiently assign a list of values.

4
Example

Suppose that you want to evaluate the examgrades
for 30 students and to display the names of the
students whose scores are above average.
Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) _
Handles
btnDisplay.ClickDim student1 As String, score1
As DoubleDim student2 As String, score2 As
DoubleDim student3 As String, score3 As Double

5
Using Arrays
Upper bound of subscripts in the array

Dim student(29) As String
Dim score(29) As Double

Array name
Data type
6
Putting Values into an Array

student(0) "Tom Brown"

subscript
Read "student sub zero equals Tom Brown" Which
means that the string "Tom Brown" is being stored
at the first location in the array
called student because all arrays begin counting
at 0.
7
Array Terminology

Dim arrayName(n) As DataType
0 is the "lower bound" of the array
n is the "upper bound" of the array the last
available subscript in this array
The number of elements, n 1, is the size of the
array

8
Example 1 Form
mtxtNumber
txtWinner
9
Example 1

Private Sub btnWhoWon_Click(...) _
Handles
btnWhoWon.Click
Dim teamName(3) As String
Dim n As Integer
'Place Super Bowl Winners into the array
teamName(0) "Packers"
teamName(1) "Packers"
teamName(2) "Jets"
teamName(3) "Chiefs"
'Access array
n CInt(txtNumber.Text)
txtWinner.Text teamName(n - 1)
End Sub

10
Example 1- With a Loop

Private Sub btnWhoWon_Click(...) _
Handles
btnWhoWon.Click
Dim teamName(3) As String
Dim n As Integer
User Enters Super Bowl Winners into the array
from a text Box.
For I As Integer 0 to 3
teamName(i) txtBox.Text
Next
'Access array
n CInt(txtNumber.Text)
txtWinner.Text teamName(n - 1)
End Sub

11
Example 1 Output
12
Arrays and Loops

When you want to do something with an entire list
or array put it in a loop!
To assign values to an array
List ( ) Tom, Dick, Harry
OR
For i As Integer 0 To 25
list(i) txtBox.Text
Next

13
List Output

To output everything in the list (for example to
a list Box) use a loop
For i As Integer 0 To 25
lstBox.Items.Add(list(i))
Next

14
Accumulators

To add all the items in a list use an accumulator
in a loop
sum 0
For i As Integer 0 To 25
sum sum CDbl(txtBox.Text)
Next

15
Arithmetic With a List

To add 5 to all the items in a list use a loop
For i As Integer 0 To 25
list(i) list(i)5 or list(i)5
Next
Other arithmetic operations would be done the
same way

16
Counting Elements in a List

To count specific elements in a list use a loop
Count the number of numbers above 50
count 0
For i As Integer 0 To 25
if list(i)gt 50 Then
count 1
Next
Other arithmetic operations would be done the
same way

17
Individual List Elements

To access individual elements of a list, use them
the same way you would use any other variable,
but include the subscript.
For example- to output only the element in the
3rd position in the list
lstBox.Items.Add(list(3))

18
Load Event Procedure

Occurs as the Form loads in memory
Private Sub frmName_Load(...) _
Handles MyBase.Load
The keyword MyBase refers to the form
being loaded. This event procedure is a
good place to assign values to an array.

19
Example 2

Dim teamName(3) As String
Subroutine for button accesses the array
teamName
Private Sub btnWhoWon_Click(...) Handles
btnWhoWon.Click
Dim n As Integer
n CInt(txtNumber.Text)
txtWinner.Text teamName(n - 1)
End Sub
Private Sub frmBowl_Load(...) Handles MyBase.Load
'Place Super Bowl Winners into the array
teamName(0) "Packers"
teamName(1) "Packers"
teamName(2) "Jets"
teamName(3) "Chiefs"
End Sub

20
Initializing Arrays

Arrays may be initialized when they are created
Dim arrayName() As varType value0, _
value1, value2, ..., valueN
declares an array having upper bound N and
assigns value0 to arrayName(0), value1 to
arrayName(1), ..., and valueN to arrayName(N).

21
GetUpperBound Method

The value of
arrayName.GetUpperBound(0)
is the upper bound of arrayName().

22
Example

Initialize Array
Dim teamName() As String "Packers", _
"Packers", "Jets", "Chiefs"
Output the upper bound of array
txtBox.Text CStr(teamName.GetUpperBound(0))
Output 3

23
ReDim Statement

The size of an array may be changed after
it has been created.
ReDim arrayName(m)
where arrayName is the name of the
already declared array and m is an Integer
literal, variable, or expression, changes the
upper bound of the array to m.

24
Preserve Keyword

ReDim arrayName(m) resets all values to their
default. This can be prevented with the keyword
Preserve.
ReDim Preserve arrayName(m)
resizes the array and retains as many
values as possible.

25
Frequency Table

An array can be used to keep track of the number
of times something occurs, such as the number of
votes for a candidate or a favorite soft drink or
the number of times a letter occurs in a sentence.

26
Example 4 Using an Array as a Frequency Table
27
Example 4 Code

Private Sub btnAnalyze_Click(...) Handles
btnAnalyze.Click
'Count occurrences of the various letters in a
sentence
Dim sentence, letter As String
Dim index, charCount(25) As Integer
'Examine and tally each letter of the sentence
sentence (txtSentence.Text).ToUpper
For letterNum As Integer 1 To sentence.Length
letter sentence.Substring(letterNum - 1, 1)
If (letter gt "A") And (letter lt "Z") Then
index Asc(letter) - 65 'The ANSI value of
"A" is 65
charCount(index) 1
End If
Next

28
Example 4 Code Continued

'List the tally for each letter of alphabet
lstCount.Items.Clear()
For i As Integer 0 To 25
letter Chr(i 65)
If charCount(i) gt 0 Then
lstCount.Items.Add(letter " " _
charCount(i))
End If
Next
End Sub

29
Example 4 Output
30
Out of Bounds Error

The following code references an array element
that doesn't exist. This will cause an error.
Dim trees() As String "Sequoia", _
"Redwood", "Spruce"
txtBox.Text trees(5)

31
Copying Arrays

If arrayOne() and arrayTwo() have been declared
with the same data type, then the statement
arrayOne arrayTwo
makes arrayOne() an exact duplicate of
arrayTwo(). It will have the same size and
contain the same information.

32
7.2 Using Arrays

Ordered Arrays
Using Part of an Array
Merging Two Ordered Arrays
Passing Arrays to Procedures

33
Ordered Arrays

An array has ascending order if
each element next element.
An array has descending order if
each element next element.
An array is ordered if it has ascending or
descending order.

34
Searching Ordered Arrays

Ordered arrays can be searched more
efficiently than unordered arrays. For
instance, when searching an array
having ascending order, you can
terminate the search when you find an
element whose value is the sought-
after value.

35
Example 1 Task

Given a name input by the user, determine
if it is in an increasing list of ten names,

36
Flowchart for a Search of an Increasing Array
37
Example 1 Code

Dim name()As String "AL", "BOB", "CARL",
"DON", "ERIC", _
"FRED", "GREG", "HERB", "IRA", "JACK"
Private Sub btnSearch_Click(...) Handles
btnSearch.Click
Dim name2Find As String
Dim i As Integer -1 'Subscript of the array
name2Find txtName.Text.ToUpper
Do While (name(i) lt name2Find) Or (i lt 9)
i 1 'Add 1 to array index
Loop
If name(i) name2Find Then
txtResult.Text "Found."
Else
txtResult.Text "Not found."
End If
End Sub

38
Example 1 Alternative Code

Dim name()As String "AL", "BOB", "CARL",
"DON", "ERIC", _
"FRED", "GREG", "HERB", "IRA", "JACK"
Private Sub btnSearch_Click(...) Handles
btnSearch.Click
Dim name2Find As String
Dim i As Integer -1 'Subscript of the array
Dim Found As Boolean False
name2Find txtName.Text.ToUpper
Do While Not Found Or (i lt 9)
If name(i) name2Find Then
Found True
End If
i 1 'Add 1 to array index
Loop
End Sub

39
Example 1 Output
40
Using Part of an Array

Sometimes we do not know how many elements will
be needed in an array.
We declare a large enough array, say of 100
elements, and use a counter variable to record
the number of elements used.
In Example 2, the names are an unknown
number of companies which are placed into an
array using a counter.

41
Example 2 Output
txtCompany
42
Example 2 Code

'Demonstrate using part of an array
Dim stock(99) As String
Dim counter As Integer 0
Private Sub btnRecord_Click(...) Handles
btnRecord.Click
If (counter lt 99) Then
stock(counter) txtCompany.Text
txtCompany.Clear()
txtCompany.Focus()
txtNumber.Text CStr(counter)
counter 1 'Increment counter by 1
Else
MsgBox("No space to record additional
companies.", 0, "")
txtCompany.Clear()
End If
End Sub

43
Example 2 Code Continued

Private Sub btnSummarize_Click(...) _
Handles btnSummarize.Click
'List companies that were recorded
lstStocks.Items.Clear()
For i As Integer 0 To counter
lstStocks.Items.Add(stock(i))
Next
End Sub

44
Parallel Arrays

Sometimes you want to have multiple related
lists, such as these
Client Deposit Withdrawal Balance
Tom 100 0 2600
Sue 3500 0 900
Amy 0 350 1700
This can be done using multiple parallel arrays.

45
Parallel Arrays

Initialize these arrays directly or in a loop
Dim client( ) As String Tom, Sue, Amy
Dim deposit( ) As Double 100, 3500,0
Dim withdrawal( ) As Double 0, 0, 350
Dim balance( ) As Double 2600, 900, 1700

46
Sequential Search

Searching successive elements of an ordered list
beginning with the first element is called a
sequential search.
Usually an If statement is used to determine if
the item is found
For example in a phone book search, if the name
is located, output the phone number

47
Phone Book Search

Uses two parallel arrays for name and phone
number
Name Phone number
Joe 123-4567
Ann 800-2525
Bob 447-9999
Tim 231-1000

48
Phone Book Search

Declare the arrays and initialize them.
Search using a loop if the name is found, output
the phone number
name2Find txtBox.Text
For i As Integer 0 to 4
If name2Find name(i) Then
lstBox.Items.Add(phonenum(i))
Next

49
Searching for the Largest/Smallest in a List

Declare the list and initialize it
Use a loop and an if statement to step through
the list one element at a time, remembering the
largest or smallest number seen so far.
This kind of search can be used for any item in a
list.

50
Search for Largest

large 0
For i As Integer 0 to list.GetUpperBound(0)
If list(i) gt large Then
large list(i) remember it
Next
To find the smallest in the list, use small
instead of large, set it to a large value and
change gt to lt

51
Merging Two Ascending Arrays

To consolidate two lists into a single ordered
third list
Compare the two names at the top of the first
and second lists.
If one name alphabetically precedes the other,
copy it onto the third list and cross it off its
original list.
If the names are the same, copy the name onto the
third list and cross out the name from the first
and second lists.
Repeat Step 1 with the current top names until
you reach the end of either list.
Copy the names from the remaining list onto the
third list.
See code on pages 329-330

52
Passing Arrays to Procedures

An array declared in a procedure is local to that
procedure and unknown in all others
An entire array can be passed to a Sub or
Function procedure
The call statement just uses the name of the
array without parentheses.
The header of the Sub of Function procedure uses
the name with empty set of parentheses.

53
Example 4

This example uses a Function procedure to add up
the numbers in an array. The GetUpperBound method
is used to determine how many numbers are in the
array.

54
Example 4

Private Sub btnCompute_Click(...) Handles
btnCompute.Click
Dim score() As Integer 85, 92, 75, 68, 84,
86, _
94, 74, 79, 88
txtAverage.Text CStr(Sum(score) / 10) Passed
to sum
End Sub
Sum Function gets copy of score array adds
each element and returns the total
Function Sum(ByVal s() As Integer) As Integer
Dim total As Integer 0
For index As Integer 0 To s.GetUpperBound(0)
total s(index)
Next
Return total
End Function

55
Passing an Array Element

A single element of an array can be passed to a
procedure just like any ordinary numeric or
string variable.
Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles _
btnDisplay.Click
Dim num(20) As Integer
num(5) 10
lstOutput.Items.Add(Triple(num(5))) Pass
single element
End Sub
Private Function Triple(ByVal x As Integer) As
Integer
Return 3 x
End Function

56
7.3 Some Additional Types of Arrays

Control Arrays
Array of Structures

57
Control Arrays

Control arrays are arrays of controls, such as
labels, text boxes, etc.
They are created in much the same way as any
other array
Dim arrayName(n) As ControlType
or
Dim arrayName() As ControlType

58
Control Arrays continued

The following statements declare control arrays.
Dim lblTitle(10) As Label
Dim txtNumber(8) As TextBox
Dim btnAmount() As Button

59
Example 2 Form
TextBox1
TextBox5
txtTotal
60
Example 1
Array of controls

Dim lblDept(4) As Label
Dim txtDept(4) As TextBox
Private Sub frmSales_Load(...) Handles
MyBase.Load
lblDept(0) Label1
lblDept(1) Label2
lblDept(2) Label3
lblDept(3) Label4
lblDept(4) Label5
txtDept(0) TextBox1
txtDept(1) TextBox2
txtDept(2) TextBox3
txtDept(3) TextBox4
txtDept(4) TextBox5

Placing controls Into arrays
61
Example 1 continued

For depNum As Integer 1 To 5
lblDept(depNum - 1).Text "Department "
depNum
txtDept(depNum).Clear()
Next
End Sub
Private Sub btnCompute_Click(...) _
Handles btnCompute.Click
Dim totalSales As Double 0
For depNum As Integer 1 To 5
totalSales CDbl(txtDept(depNum - 1).Text)
Next
txtTotal.Text FormatCurrency(totalSales)
End Sub

62
Example 1 Output
63
Structures

A way of grouping heterogeneous data together
Also called a UDT (User Defined Type)
Sample structure definition
Structure College
Dim name As String
Dim state As String
Dim yearFounded As Integer
End Structure

64
Structure Definition

Each subvariable in a structure is called a
member.
To declare a variable of a structure type
Dim college1 As College
Each member is accessed via the variable
name dot member name
college1.name "Harvard"

65
Example 2

Structure College
Dim name As String
Dim state As String
Dim yearFounded As Integer
End Structure
Dim college1, college2, collegeOlder As College
Private Sub btnFirst_Click(...) Handles
btnFirst.Click
Dim prompt As String
college1.name InputBox("Enter name of
college.", "Name")
college1.state InputBox("Enter state.",
"State")
prompt "Enter the year the first college was
founded."
college1.yearFounded CInt(InputBox(prompt,
"Year"))
End Sub

66
Structure Members

Integer, String, Double, etc.
Another User Defined Type
Arrays
Must not specify range
Range must be set using ReDim

67
Example 4

This example gathers information about a student
and determines when the student will be eligible
to graduate.

68
Example 4

Structure FullName
Dim firstName As String
Dim lastName As String
End Structure
Structure Student
Dim name As FullName
Dim credits() As Integer
End Structure
Private Sub btnGet_Click(...) Handles
btnGet.Click
Dim numYears As Integer
Dim person As Student

Structure "FullName" contained, or nested, inside
Student
69
Example 4 continued

txtResult.Clear()
person.name.firstName InputBox("First Name")
person.name.lastName InputBox("Second Name")
numYears CInt(InputBox("Number of years " _
"completed"))
ReDim person.credits(numYears - 1)
For i As Integer 0 To numYears - 1
person.credits(i)CInt(InputBox("Credits in
year "_
i
1))
Next
DetermineStatus(person)
End Sub

70
Example 4 continued

Sub DetermineStatus(ByVal person As Student)
Dim total As Integer 0
For i As Integer 0 To person.credits.GetUpperB
ound(0)
total person.credits(i)
Next
If (total gt 120) Then
txtResult.Text person.name.firstName " "
_
person.name.lastName " has enough
credits" _
" to graduate."
Else
txtResult.Text person.name.firstName " "
_
person.name.lastName " needs " _
(120 - total) " more credits to
graduate."
End If
End Sub

71
7.4 Sorting and Searching

Bubble Sort
Shell Sort
Searching

72
Sorting

Sorting is an algorithm for ordering an array.
We discuss two sorting algorithms
bubble sort
Shell sort
Both use the swap algorithm
temp varl
varl var2
var2 temp

73
Example 1 Output
txtFirstWord
txtSecondWord
txtResult
74
Example 1 Swap Algorithm

Private Sub btnAlphabetize_Click(...) _
Handles btnAlphabetize.Click
Dim firstWord, secondWord, temp As String
firstWord txtFirstWord.Text
secondWord txtSecondWord.Text
If (firstWord gt secondWord) Then
temp firstWord
firstWord secondWord
secondWord temp
End If
txtResult.Text firstWord " before " _
secondWord
End Sub

75
Bubble Sort Algorithm n Items

Compare the first and second items. If they are
out of order, swap them.
Compare the second and third items. If they are
out of order, swap them.
Repeat this pattern for all remaining pairs. The
final comparison and possible swap are between
the next-to-last and last items.

76
Bubble Sort Algorithm

The last item will be at its proper place.
Do another pass through first n 1 items.
Repeat this process with one less item for each
pass until a pass uses only the first and second
items.

77
Shell Sort Algorithm

Begin with a gap of g Int(n/2)
Compare items 0 and g, 1 and 1 g, . . ., n - g
and n. Swap any pairs that are out of order.
Repeat Step 2 until no swaps are made for gap g.
Halve the value of g.
Repeat Steps 2, 3, and 4 until the value of g is
0.

78
Searching

Sequential search starts at the beginning of a
list and keeps looking one by one until the item
is found or the end of the list is reached.
For a sequential search, the list need not be
sorted.

79
Binary Search

Usually more efficient than sequential search
List must be sorted

80
Binary Search Algorithm

Given an array in ascending order and a
sought-after value, quarry, that may be in the
array.
Repeatedly halve the range of indices where
quarry might be found.
Halving routine looks at the middle value of the
current range and compares it to quarry with ,
gt, and lt.
If middle value quarry, then search is over.
If middle value gt quarry, then we can limit our
search to the half of the range below the middle
value.
If middle value lt quarry, then we can limit our
search to the half of the range above the middle
value.

81
Binary Search Variables

first lower limit of range of values to search
last upper limit of range of values to search
middle Int((first last) / 2)
a() ordered array to be searched
foundFlag True when quarry is found
Note If quarry is not in the array, eventually
last will be
greater than first.
Note Initially first 0 and last
a.GetUpperBound(0)

82
Binary Search Code

Do While (first lt last) And (Not FoundFlag)
middle CInt((first last) / 2)
Select Case a(middle)
Case quarry
foundFlag True
Case Is gt quarry
last middle 1
Case Is lt quarry
first middle 1
End Select
Loop

83
Binary Search Notes

If a binary search ends with foundFlag True,
the subscript of the found item might be useful.
This would be the case if the array were an array
of structures that was ordered with respect to
one of its members.
The binary search would serve as an efficient
table lookup process.

84
7.5 Two Dimensional Arrays

One-dimensional arrays store a list of items of
the same type
Two-dimensional arrays store a table of items of
the same type.
Consider the rows of the table as numbered 0, 1,
2, ,,, m and the columns numbered 0, 1, 2, , n.
Then the array is declared with the statement
Dim arrayName(m, n) As DataType
and the item in the ith row, jth column is
denoted
arrayName(i, j)

85
Road-Mileage Table
Chicago LA NY Philly
Chicago 0 2054 802 738
LA 2054 0 2786 2706
NY 802 2786 0 100
Philly 738 2706 100 0
Dim rm(3, 3) As Double rm(0,0)0, rm(0,1)2054,
rm(1,2)2786
86
Populating a Two-Dimensional Array