CQ: What possibilities do international organizations offer

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Chapter 7

• CQ What possibilities do international
  organizations offer?
• (The Alternative Structure)

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I. The Nature and Development of International
Organization
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A. Types of International Organizations

• Function
• General
• Specialized
• Geographical
• Global
• Regional
• Intergovernmental or nongovernmental organizations

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B. The Roots of International Organization

• Belief in a community of humankind
• Developmental stages
• League of Nations
• United Nations
• Big-power peacekeeping
• UN Security Council
• Functional cooperation
• Wide range of specialized agencies Central
  Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (1815)
  is the oldest

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C. The Expansion of IGOs

• Quantitative expansion and expansion of roles
  during 20th-21st Centuries

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Reasons for expansion

• Increased international contact
• Increased interdependence
• Expansion of transnational problems
• Failure of state-centered system to provide
  security
• Effort of small states to gain strength through
  joint action
• Successful role models

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II. Existing and Possible Roles of International
Organizations
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A. Interactive arena, where nations pursue
self-interest

• Disadvantages of using IGO as an interactive
  arena
• IGO becomes focus of struggle/not forum for
  cooperation
• Reduced support for IGOs if do not promote
  national interest, goals
• Advantages of IGO use as an interactive arena
• Intergovernmentalism
• Using IGO makes it politically easier to take
  action

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B. Creator and center of cooperation

• Cooperation on specific issues, often
  nonpolitical
• Seek to build trust and solve transnational
  socio-economic issues
• International regimes
• Groups of IGOs, NGOs, norms of behavior, treaties
  dealing with a common international issue
• Create settings for interaction and cooperation

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C. Independent international actor

• Permanent administrative IGO staff
• increases authority and role
• Role of mediation and conciliatio
• Organizational independence
• Supranational organization

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FOCUS TASK 3-5 min. Define Europe
(geographically, culturally etc.)Draw, write,
compose etc.
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III. Regional IGOs Focus on the European Union
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A. The Origins and Evolution of the European Union
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Economic integration A Common Market

• European Economic Community (EEC)
• European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)
• European Community (EC)

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Political integration and expansion of membership

• The European Union (EU)
• Maastricht Treaty
• Monetary integration
• Common foreign and defense policy
• Coordination of policy on social issues such as
  crime, terrorism, and immigration
• Treaty of Amsterdam further political and
  economic integration

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B. The Government of Europe A Prototype

• Political leadership
• Council of Ministers (Council of the European
  Union) Weighted votes, sets policy
• Bureaucracy
• European Commission Implements policy
• President of the Commission
• Legislative branch
• European Parliament
• Judicial branch
• Courts of Justice, First Instance, Auditors
• European Ombudsman

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C. The Future of the European Union

• Duality about further integration several
  determining factors
• Popular support for EU integration
• The EU Economy
• Satisfaction with EU institutions
• Political identity
• Perceptions of Germany
• Expanded membership

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Chapter 7

• Focus Activity
• Study the UN flag on the wall illustrate what
  it says to you about the relationship between it
  its member-states.

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Chapter 7

• CQ What possibilities do international
  organizations offer?
• (The Alternative Structure)

20
IV. Global IGOs Focus on the United Nations
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A. IGO organization and related issues General
membership

• Controversy over admitting new members

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Representative bodies

• Usually some plenary representative body (UN
  General Assembly)
• Limited membership council
• (UN Security Council)
• Advantages
• Disadvantages

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Voting formulas

• Majority vote 1 state, 1 vote
• Weighted voting by population or wealth
• Negative voting
• Unanimity requirement
• Veto power

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Political leadership

• Secretariat Political selection considerations
• Role Activism versus restraint

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Bureaucracy

• Size
• Restraints on selection of Secretariat staff
• Dominant powers make appointments
• Geographic and gender composition of staff

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B. IGO Financing and Related Issues
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The UN budget elements

• Core budget
• Peacekeeping budget
• Voluntary contributions budget
• Dependent on assessment with little power to
  raise support

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Budget crunch

• Growing cost of operations
• Size of bureaucracy
• Unwillingness of member-countries to pay dues
• U.S. debt cleared by Congress only recently
• Criticism of assessment scheme 8 countries pay
  76 percent of costs

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C. IGO Activities and Related Issues
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Promoting international peace and security

• Creating norms against violence
• Providing a debate alternative
• Diplomatic intervention
• Inquiry
• Good offices
• Mediation
• Arbitration
• Adjudication

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Sanctions

• Diplomatic
• Economic

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Peacekeeping

• Neutral buffers
• Military intervention

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Arms control and disarmament
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Social, economic, environmental, and other roles

• Economic development
• Human rights
• The environment
• International law and norms
• The quality of human existence
• Independence

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D. Evaluating IGOs and Their Future

• Standards
• Ultimate goals
• Progress
• What is possible
• Whether alternatives exist