Solutions

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Solutions
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• Solutions are
• HOMOGENEOUS mixtures
• look the same throughout
• combined PHYSICALLY (NOT chemically)
• You CAN separate by physical means like
  filtration or distillation (boiling).
• examples cola
• gasoline
• cleaners

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• Solutions are made with
• two parts
• solute
• 2. solvent

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• The solute is the substance being dissolved, and
  it is always present in smaller amounts.
• The solvent is doing the dissolving and it is
  always present in LARGER amounts.

solute
solvent
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example Kool-Aid

• The Kool-Aid powder is the solute because it is
  being dissolved.
• The water is the solvent because it is doing the
  dissolving (more of it).

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• solute solvent solution

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• Solutions can be classified as a solid, liquid,
  or gas based on the SOLVENT because there is more
  of it!
• Example Air is a solution with the solvent
  being nitrogen and solute being oxygen because
  76 of air is N2 with 24 of air being O2.

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• Not all substances form solutions!
• If something CAN dissolve, it is called soluble.
• example
• Kool-Aid is soluble in water

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• If two LIQUIDS dissolve in each other they are
  miscible.
• example
• Food coloring is MISCIBLE in
• water.

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• If something CANNOT dissolve, it is insoluble.
• example
• Sand is insoluble in water.

solutions
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• If two LIQUIDS CANNOT dissolve, they are
  immiscible.
• example
• Oil and water are immiscible.

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• Solutions Form in TWO Steps
• Solvation
• Dissociation

First...
Then...
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Steps of Solution Formation

• Solvation the solvent particles
• completely surround solute particles.
• Solvation is called hydration if the
• solvent is water.
• Dissociation is when the ions are pulled apart by
  solvent and seem to disappear.

solvation and dissociation
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Polarity

• The substances involved in making a solution are
  either polar or nonpolar.

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• If a substance is polar,it has regions of
  opposite charge.
• Ionic compounds (metal and nonmetals) are usually
  polar because they lose and gain e- and this
  creates and ions these are the opposite
  poles!

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• If a substance is nonpolar, it does NOT have
  regions of opposite charge (no or -)
• Covalent compounds (2 nonmetals) are usually
  nonpolar b/c they share e-
• Exception Water this is why water is so
  special because VERY FEW compounds are covalent
  AND polar!

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• Water is nicknamed the universal solvent
  because of its polar covalent nature.

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Is the compound polar or nonpolar?

• NaCl
• metal and nonmetal ionic ( and -) so polar
• KBr
• ? metal and nonmetal ionic
• ( and -) so polar
• CH4
• ? 2 nonmetals covalent (no opposite
  charges) so nonpolar

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Like dissolves Like

• polar solvents dissolve polar solutes
• nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes
• polar solvents WILL NOT dissolve nonpolar solutes

hexane in water
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In what type of solvent will these solutes
dissolve?

• NaCl
• ionic polar solute dissolves in polar
  solvent
• KBr
• ? ionic polar solute dissolves in
  polar solvent
• CH4
• ? covalent nonpolar solute dissolves in
  nonpolar solvent

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Try This Would C12H22O11 dissolve in water?

• Yes!
• Why?
• Water is the universal solvent because it is both
  covalent AND polar!
• Substances that are nonpolar are covalent, and
  since like dissolves like water being covalent
  allows it to dissolve other covalent molecules.
• Substances that are ionic are polar, and since
  like dissolves like water being polar allows it
  to dissolve other polar compounds.

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• Finished for Now!