Lubricant Priciples

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Lubricant Priciples

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(No Transcript)
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Topics

• Formulations of Motor Oil
• Industrial bodies Specifications
• OEM Requirements
• Trends

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Formulation of a Motor Oil

• Each component adds unique properties, without
  hindering the others to result in a fully
  balanced lubricant to protect all aspects of the
  engine
• Arbitrary Example
• 
  
• Base Oil 82.0
• Additives 11.5
• Dispersant Detergent
• Anti-Wear - Anti-Oxidant
• Friction Modifier Others
• V.I.Improver 6.5

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What is Base Oil ?

• Base Oil is composed of one or more base stocks,
• which can be mineral or synthetic.
• 
  
• Mineral Base Oil
• A base stock refined from crude oil which is a
  complex mixture of many different hydrocarbons
  with various chemical structures
• Synthetic Base Oil
• A base stock derived through chemical reactions
  which has a more tightly controlled molecular
  structure

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PAO vs Mineral
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Types of Synthetics

• The controlled formation of Long Chain Molecules
• The size of the molecule (viscosity) is varied by
  the conditions
• Esters - Aviation Oils
• PolyGlycols - Industrial Oils
• Alkylbenzenes - Refrigerant Oils
• Poly Alpha Olefins - Engine Oils, Industrial
• Phosphate Esters - Industrial Fire Resistant
  fluids
• Silicon Fluids - Industrial Heat Transfer Oils
• For engine oil applications PAO is most suitable,
  price/quality wise
  

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Poly Alpha Olefins (PAO)

• Low Volatility
• Excellent Miscibility with Mineral Oil
• Excellent Tolerance for seals
• Good Air Release properties
• Good Water separation properties
• Better Low temperature characteristics
• Excellent Oxidation Stability
• Good Viscosity/Temperature behaviour
• 
  

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Synthetic versus Mineral

• Better resistance against high temperatures
• Mineral
• Synthetic
• 0 50 100 150
  200 250 300
• Approximate break down point of the oil in Degr.
  C.
• 
  

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Synthetic versus Mineral

• Low Volatility
• Mineral
• 10W-40
• 15W-40
• Synthetic
• 5W-40
• 5W-50
• 0 5 10 15
  20 25 30 .
• Noack Evaporation test
• Percentage of evaporation loss at 250 degr. C.
  during 1 hour
• 
  

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Comparison between European and American Quality
monitoring systems
Industrial Bodies
Valvoline, member of Atiel since April 1997
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API Specifications
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1998 2002 Gasoline Engines (pass.
cars) A1-98, A2-96, A3-98 A1-02, A2-96, A3-02,
A4-00, A5-02A1-98 Top qual. F.E.
(2.5) A1-02 Top qual. F.E. (gt2.5)A2-96
issue 2 Normal qual. A2-96 issue 3 Normal
qual.A3-98 Top qual. A3-02 Top
qual. A4-00 under developmentM III fuel
economy test A5-02 Top qual. F.E.
(gt2.5) Global
specificationDiesel Engines (trucks)E1-96,
E2-96, E3-96, E4-98, E5-99 E2-96, E3-96, E4-99,
E5-02E1-96 issue 2 Normal qual. E2-96
issue 2 Middle qual. E2-96 issue 4 Normal
qual.E3-96 issue 2 Top qual. (SHPD) E3-96
issue 4 Top qual. (SHPD)E4-98 UHPD Extra
long drain E4-99 issue 2 UHPD Extra long
drain Low emission Low emissionE5-99
Global spec. E5-02 Global spec.
(API ACEA OM 441 LA) (E3
quality Euro I,II,III emission requir.Diesel
Engines (pass. Cars).B1-98, B2-98, B3-98,
B4-98 B1-02, B2-98, B3-98, B4-02, B5-02B1-98
Standard qual. B1-02 Top qual. F.E.B2-98
Middle qual. B2-98 issue 2 Middle qual.B3-98
Top qual. B3-98 issue 2 Top qual.B4-98
(DID) VW Test B4-02 (DID) VW Test B5-02
DID engines, Top qual. F.E.
ACEA Specifications

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ACEA Sequences 2002

• Gasoline sequences
• A1-02 Low friction, low viscosity, F.E
• A2-96 / 3 General purpose
• A3-02 High performance and/or extended drain
• A5-02 Global spec. Top qual. F.E.
• Light Duty Diesel sequences
• B1-02 Low friction, low viscosity, F.E
• B2-98 / 2 General purpose, indirect injection
• B3-98 / 2 High perf. and/or extended drain,
  indirect injection
• B4-02 Direct injection
• B5-02 Global spec. Top qual. F.E.
• Heavy Duty Diesel sequences
• E2-96 / 4 General purpose
• E3-96 / 4 Severe conditions / extended oil drain
  / SHPD / EURO I-II
• E4-99 / 2 Severe conditions / extra long drain /
  UHPD / EURO I-II-III
• E5-02 Severe conditions / long drain / low
  emissions / EURO I-II-III
• (First global spec. API ACEA)

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2002 Gasoline Engines (pass. cars) A1-02,
A2-96, A3-02, A4-00, A5-02A2-96 issue 3
Normal qual.A3-02 Top qual.A4-00 under
developmentA5-02 Top qual. F.E.
(gt2.5)Global specificationDiesel Engines
(trucks)E2-96, E3-96, E4-99, E5-02E2-96 issue
4 Normal qual.E3-96 issue 4 Top qual.
(SHPD)E4-99 issue 2 UHPD Extra long drain
Low emissionE5-02 Global spec. (E3 quality
Euro I,II,III emission requir.Diesel Engines
(pass. Cars).B1-02, B2-98, B3-98, B4-02,
B5-02B1-02 Top qual. F.E.B2-98 issue 2
Middle qual. B3-98 issue 2 Top qual.B4-02
(DID) VW TestB5-02 DID engines, Top qual.
F.E.
2004 GasolineDiesel Engines (pass. cars)
A1/B1-04, A3/B3-04, A3/B4-04, A5/B5-04 A1/B1-04
high quality, F.E. (gt2.5)
A3/B3-04 high quality.
A3/B4-04 high
quality, B3 D.I.diesels
A5/B5-04 high quality F.E. (gt2.5)Global
specification Diesel Engines (trucks)E2-96/5,
E4-99/3, E6-04, E7-04E2-96/5 Normal quality.

E4-99/3 Long Drain oil for Euro 1,2,3,4
engines, not really intended for
EGR, SCR, Nox reduction systems,
and particulate filtersE6-04 Long Drain oil
for Euro 1,2,3,4 engines,
suitable for EGR, SCR, Nox reduction
systems and particulate filters.
Mid SAP oils/Low sulpher fuels. E7-04
Long Drain oil for Euro 1,2,3,4 engines.
suitable for EGR, SCR, Nox reduction
systems. Not intended for
particulate filters Mid SAP
oils/Low sulpher fuels.

Gasoline Diesel Engines (pass.
Cars).C1-04, C2-04, C3-04 C1-04 Very low SAP
oils, low viscosity, suitable for
DPF and TWC systems. Unsuitable for
some engines.

C2-04 Low SAP oils, low viscosity
suitable for DPF and TWC systems
Suitable for
most engines.
C3-04 Low SAP oils, suitable for DPF TWC
systems. Suitable for most engines.

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ACEA Sequences 2004

• Gasoline Diesel sequences (pass. cars).
• A1/B1-04 Low friction, low viscosity, F.E gt2.5,
  HTHS 2.6-3.5 mPas
• A3/B3-04 Low viscosity, severe operating
  conditions
• A3/B4-04 Low viscosity, severe operating
  conditions, D.I. Diesel-engines
• A5/B5-04 Low friction. Low viscosity, extended
  drain, F.E. gt2.5,
• HTHS 2.9-3.5 mPas, Global spec.
• Gasoline Diesel sequences (pass. cars) with DPF
  and TWC.
• C1-04 Low friction, low viscosity, F.E. gt2.5,
  Lowest SAP, HTHS gt2.9 mPas
• C2-04 Low friction, low viscosity, F.E. gt2.5,
  Low SAP, HTHS gt2.9 mPas
• C3-04 - - - - - - F.E.
  gt1.0, Low SAP HTHS gt3.5 mPas
• Heavy Duty Diesel sequences
• E2-96/5 General purpose, normal drain intervals
• E4-99/3 Severe conditions, extra long drain,
  UHPD, EURO 1,2,3,4.
• Not really intended for DPF, EGR, SCR, Nox
  reduction systems.
• E6-04 Severe conditions, extra long drain, UHPD,
  EURO 1,2,3,4.
• Suitable for DPF, EGR, SCR, Nox reduction
  systems, in combination with
• Low sulpher diesel fuel. Mid SAP Oil.
• E7-04 Severe conditions, extra long drain, UHPD,
  EURO 1,2,3,4.
• Suitable for EGR, SCR, Nox reduction systems. Not
  suitable for DPF.

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ACRONYMS

• Low SAP
• Low Sulphated Ash, Phosphorus,Sulpher.
• DPF Diesel Particulate Filter
• TWC Three way catalyst
• HTHS High temperature / High shear rate
  viscosity
• EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation
• SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction
• Nox Nitrogen Oxide (exhaust gas).

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HTHS

• High Temperature/High Shear
• Measures a lubricants viscosity under
  severe high temperature and shear conditions that
  resemble highly loaded bearings in combustion
  engines.
• To prevent bearing wear, the lubricant must
  maintain its protective viscosity, also under
  severe conditions.
• A1/B1 oils should have a HTHS rate of approx.
  2.6 to 3.5 mPas.
• This means that at a temperature of 150ºC. and
  the a.m. circumstances, the oil should have a
  minimum viscosity of 3.5 mPas.