Future%20Comforts

1
Future Comforts   Andrew Keogh Carrier Air
Conditioning
2
Air Conditioning Energy Use

• AC can account for over 1/3rd of all electricity
  used in a building
• The UK National Grid has now become summer
  peaking.
• 1,300 MW extra load on hot days, growing at 8
• Rapid growth in the use of AC is threatening our
  Kyoto commitments

3
Air Conditioning Energy Use
4
(No Transcript)
5
90
300
6
Natural Ventilation
7
Design Constraints

• Exposed building fabric
• Low internal gains
• Atrium / Chimney
• High thermal mass
• Open plan
• Shallow floor plan
• Sun shades or blinds
• Away from city centre
• Vents, wind catchers, solar chimneys

8
Design Conditions
Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Hours
28.1 20.3 11
25.3 18.5 39
22.5 16.9 123
19.7 15.3 390
16.9 13.9 573
14.2 12.3 456
11.4 9.7 528
8.6 7.2 542
5.8 4.8 375
3.1 2.3 290
9
Refrigerant Choice
Refrigerant R22 R134a R290 R744 R717 R410a
Cooling COP 4.66 4.61 4.54 2.53 4.75 4.39
Pressure ratio 4.03 4.70 3.68 3.15 4.95 3.92
Refrigeration Effect 163 147 279 123 1102 168
Inlet Quality 0.25 0.29 .30 .55 .16 .31
10
System Fundamentals
COPT2/(T1-T2)
11
System Fundamentals
T1 T2 COP
313 275 7.2
Air cooled 6/12
12
System Fundamentals
T1 T2 COP
313 275 7.2
303 275 9.8
Air cooled 6/12
Water cooled 6/12
13
System Fundamentals
T1 T2 COP
313 275 7.2
303 275 9.8
303 285 15.8
Air cooled 6/12
Water cooled 6/12
Water cooled 16/20
14
Free Cooling
Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Hours
28.1 20.3 11
25.3 18.5 39
22.5 16.9 123
19.7 15.3 390
16.9 13.9 573
14.2 12.3 456
11.4 9.7 528
8.6 7.2 542
5.8 4.8 375
3.1 2.3 290
15
Free Cooling
Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Hours
28.1 20.3 11
25.3 18.5 39
22.5 16.9 123
19.7 15.3 390
16.9 13.9 573
14.2 12.3 456
11.4 9.7 528
8.6 7.2 542
5.8 4.8 375
3.1 2.3 290
16
Variable Speed Drives
17
Heat Pumps?
The Answer