Protection, Support, and Movement

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Protection, Support, and Movement

• Chapter 38
• Skin Structures Layers
• Skeletal Types
• Muscular System

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The Integumentary System (skin)

• Function
• -Protects
• -Regulates temperature
• -Excretes waste
• -gas exchange (amphibians worms)
• -Production of Vitamin D

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Key Structures

• Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum basale
• Dermis
• Keratin- main protein providing mechanical
  strength
• Melanocytes
• Sebaceous glands (oil)
• Hair follicle
• Sweat glands
• Sensory receptors
• meisseners pacinain corpuscles

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Introductory Questions 8

• Where is the cerebralspinal fluid located? Name
  the cells that are responsible for producing CSF.
• Explain how the somatic system is different from
  the autonomic system. Which system involves the
  12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal
  nerves?
• How is the sympathetic nervous system different
  from the parasympathetic nervous system?

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Introductory Questions 9

• The deepest layer of the skin is called the
• ____________ ____________
• 2) What is the difference between the axial and
  appendicular skeleton? Name three bone for each
  area.
• 3) Matching
• -composed only of myosin A. I Band
• -light bands B. A Band
• -dark bands C. H zone
• -contains only actin
• -region where actin myosin overlap

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Introductory Questions 10

• 1) Briefly explain how a sarcomere shortens.
• 2) When a muscle contracts what occurs between
  actin myosin? Which protein filament actually
  moves?
• 3) A network of membranous channels that extend
  inward corresponding with the sarcoplasmic
  reticulum.
• 4) What role does troponin, tropomyosin, ATP, and
  calcium play during the contraction of a muscle?

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Three Types of Skeletons

• Hydrostatic fluid-filled compartments common in
  
• Cnidarians such as jellyfish Hydra
• Annalid worms such as Lumbricus (earthworm)
• Sea stars and urchins with tube feet
• Exoskelton a lifeless shell located on the
  outside common in
• Mollusks CaCO3 secreted by the mantle
• Arthropods outer skeleton seen in insects
  crustaceans
• chitin is the common protein
• Molting must occur with these organisms (shedding
  as it grows)
• Endoskeleton an internal skeleton usually
  composed of bone or cartilage (sharks rays)
• Common in Echinoderms and Chordates

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Axial vs. Appendicular

• Axial Skeleton
• Skull
• Hyoid Bone
• Vertebral Column
• Thorax
• Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral Girdle (shoulder)
• Upper Limbs
• Pelvic Girdle
• Lower Limbs

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Key Bones to Know

• Humerus Scapula
• Radius Clavicle
• Ulna Patella
• Femur Sternum
• Tibia
• Fibia
• Tarsals, Carpels
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges

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• Three Types of Muscle Tissue
• Smooth Cardiac Skeletal
• Composition of Muscles
• -muscle cells (fibers) -nerve Tissue
• -blood -connective tissue

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Cardiac Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Muscle Structures - Pg. 290
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Hierarchical Structure of Muscles

• Bone B
• Tendon T
• Fascia F
• Muscle M
• Epimysium E (covering)
• Fascicle F
• Perimysium P (covering)
• Muscle fiber (single cell) F
• Sarcolemma (cell membrane)
• Sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) S
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum S
• Myofibrils (Two types) M
• Myosin M
• Actin A

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A Muscle Cell (fiber)
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Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle

• Contract/relax antagonistic pairs w/skeleton
• Muscle fibers single cell w/ many nuclei
  consisting of.
• Myofibrils longitudinal bundles composed of
  protein filaments
• Myofilaments (actin myosin)
• Thin 2 strands of actin protein and a
  regulatory proteins
• Thick myosin protein
• Sarcomere repeating unit of muscle tissue,
  composed of.
• Z linessarcomere border
• I bandonly actin protein (light)
• A bandactin myosin protein overlap (dark)
• H zonecentral sarcomere only myosin

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Striations Light Dark Bands
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A Sarcomere Actin Myosin
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Actin-Myosin Interaction

• 1- Myosin head hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and
  inorganic phosphate (Pi) termed the high energy
  configuration
• 2- Myosin head binds to actin termed a cross
  bridge
• 3- Releasing ADP and (Pi), myosin relaxes sliding
  actin low energy configuration
• 4- Binding of new ATP releases myosin head
• Creatine phosphate supplier of phosphate to ADP

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The Contraction of a Muscle Sliding filament
theory (Actin/Myosin)

• http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/s
  tudent_view0/chapter42/animations.html

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Muscle Contraction Regulation

• Relaxation tropomyosin blocks myosin binding
  sites on actin
• Contraction calcium binds to toponin complex
  tropomyosin changes shape, exposing myosin
  binding sites

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Sliding Filaments for Muscle Contractionhttp//hi
ghered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_vi
ew0/chapter42/animations.html
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Regulating Muscle Contraction and the Role Nerves
Play(Neuromuscular Junction)

• Pgs. 293-297

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Neuromuscular Junction

• Also called the Myonueral junction
• Each muscle cell (fiber) is connected to a nerve
  (neuron)
• Many mitochondria and vescicles are present in
  the neurons synaptic knob
• Sarcolemma and the neurons cell membrane are
  separated by a space called the Synaptic cleft
• Contained within these Vesicles are
  Neurotransmitters

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Neuromuscular Junctionhttp//www.toppermost.biz/J
unction.html
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Motor Neurons Spinal Cord
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Muscle Contraction Regulation

• Calcium (Ca)
• concentration regulated by the.
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum a specialized
  endoplasmic reticulum
• Stimulated by action potential in a motor neuron
• T (transverse) tubules travel channels in plasma
  membrane for action potential
• Ca then binds to troponin

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Nerve Stimulation Causing a Muscle Contraction
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Sarcomere Shortening