ada a aa

1
?a????d?a ?a? ?a?a

• Te???a pa?????? ?a? efa?µ??e?
• (??a aµ??t???)
• S?t???? Ge???a?a?
• ?a?ep?st?µ?? ?????? - BonnEconLab

2
????????

• ??t? ? d?a?e?? e??a? ? a??? µ?a? p??spa?e?a?
  e??a??e?s?? t?? ep?st?µ?? ?a? a?a??t?s?? t??
  t?µ?? ep?st?µ?????? s?e??? ?a? p?a?t???? ??se??
  (p???t????)
• ??p????µe ?a ?????? d?a?e?e?? ?a? se a?????
  ??ad??? (a???te?t?????, ??µ???, ß??????a ?t?)
• ?p?st????t??? ?st?se??da www.anamorfosis.net

3
??sa????

• ?a?ad?s?a?a ta ??????µ??a as??????ta? µe
  ?atastase?? p?? de? ?pa??e? pe??????? st?at??????
  s?e??? (te?e??? a?ta????sµ?? ? te?e?? µ???p????)
• ? ?e???a pa?????? µe?eta ?atastase?? st?at??????
  a????ep?d?as??
• Dictionary of Economics Much of economic theory
  is concerned with the process and conditions
  under which individuals or firms maximize their
  own benefits or minimize their own costs in
  markets in which their individual actions do not
  materially influence others (perfect
  competition). There are, however, many cases in
  which economic decisions are made in situations
  of conflict, where one party's actions induces a
  reaction from others. An example is wage
  bargaining between employers and unions. ...
  The mathematical theory of games has been applied
  to economics to help elucidate problems of this
  kind.

4
??sa???? 2 - ?st???a

• ?? ß?ß??? Theory of Games and economic behaviour
  t?? Janos (John) von Neumann ?a? ?s?a?
  ?????e?ste?? t? 1944 ???e? t? p??ß??µa ??a
  pa????d?a µ?de????? a????sµat??
• ?? 1951 ? John F. Nash epe?te??e t?? ??s? se
  ?e???a pa????d?a. ?????????? s??e?e?? eµßa???se??
  µeta?? a???? ap? t??? ?a?s???? ?a? ???te? (??µpe?
  94 µa?? µe t?? ?a?), ???µa?? (??µpe? 2005)
• ?fa?µ?st??e p??? ??????a se d?af????? ??ad???
  ?p?? ?????p??eµ??e? ?s????p?e? (Schelling, ??µpe?
  2005)
• S?µe?a e??a? ? ßas? t?? ??????µ???? ep?st?µ??
  ?s?? af??a t?? s?µpe??f??a t?? µeµ???µe???
  pa??t?? (at?µ??,ep??e???se??) ?a? a??a??µe?a
  efa?µ??eta? ?a? se a??e? ep?st?µe? (e?e???t???
  ß??????a a??a ?a? se ????????e? ep?st?µe?,
  ????????a ?t?)

5
F?t???af?e?!
6
??µ? t?? ?µ???a?

• ?as??e? e????e?
• ?e???a ap?a pa????d?a ?a? ?s????p?a ?a?
• F???s?f??? s???t?s? ????????sµ?? ?a? ß????????
  e?e????
• ?fa?µ??e? t?? e?e???t???? ?e???a? pa??????
• ?fa?µ??e? t?? ??????????? ?e???a? pa??????
• ??ß?????af?a

7
?a ßas??a

• ?a????d?a µe s??e??as?a (?e???a d?ap?a?µate?se??)
  ? ?????
• ??de????? a????sµat?? (? ?a?at?? s?? ? ??? µ??) ?
  µ?
• Stat??a pa????d?a ?a? d??aµ??a
• ?????? ? ate??? p????f???s?
• ?????? a?aµ??s? ? µ?

8
??a ap?? pa????d? µe µe?a?? s?µas?a

• ?? d???µµa t?? f??a??sµe???
• ??? at?µa s???aµßa???ta? ??a µ?a p?a??
• ??a??????ta? se ????sta d?µat?a, µp????? ?a
  s??e??ast??? µe t?? ast???µ?a ? ???
• ?? ?fe??? t??? ap? ?a?e ep????? (µ??e? f??a??s??)
  t? s?µe?????µe se e?a? p??a?a
• ?? ????t?a e????. ???a e??a? ? ?a??te??
  st?at??????

9
??a ap?? pa????d? µe µe?a?? s?µas?a

• ?? e?etas??µe ta ????t?a t?? p??t?? pa??t?
• ?p??et??µe ?t? ?e?e? ?a µe??st?p???se? t? ?fe???
  t??
• ??e?a?t?ta t? ?a?e? ? de?te???, ? s??e??as?a
  e??a? ? ?a??te?? ep?????! (????a??? ep?????)
• ?? s?eft??? ?a? ?? d?? µe t?? ?d?? t??p??

10
??a ap?? pa????d? µe µe?a?? s?µas?a

• ?e??st?p????ta? t? at?µ??? ?fe??? t??? ?a? ?? d??
  s??e??a???ta? µe t?? a??e?! (?s????p?a ?a?)
• Fta???? ?µ?? st?? ?e???te?? d??at? ?atastas?!
• S??????? ?fe??? -10
• ?? µp????sa? ?a s??e???????? µeta?? t??? ?a
  s??p??sa? ?a? ?? d?? ?a? ?a e??a? s??????? ?fe???
  -2
• ??astas? at?µ???? ????t??? ?a? s???????? ?fe????!

11
???? ?e???a stat??a pa????d?a µe p????
p????f???s?

• ?a????d? µe pepe?asµe?e? ep????e? ??a ?a?e
  pa??t?.
• St?at????? a????ep?d?as? ?? ep????e? t?? e???
  ep??ea???? t? ?fe??? t?? a????
• S??a?t?s? ?fe???? ??a ?a?e s????? ep??????
  (ep????? t?? pa??t? ?, ep????? t?? ? ???) e???µe
  e?a ???st? ?a? ?a?a ???sµe?? ?fe??? ??a ?a?e
  pa??t?
• St?at????? e??a? e?a s????? p????? ?d?????.
  ????e?? µe t?? e????a ?t? a? ? pa??t?? t?? ed??e
  se e?a? t??t?, a?t?? ?a ??e?e t? ?a pa??e? se
  ?a?e d??at? pe??pt?s? p?? µp??e? ?a p?????e?
• ?a??te?? apa?t?s? e??a? ? st?at????? p?? d??e? t?
  ?????te?? ?fe??? ded?µe??? t?? st?at?????? t??
  ?p????p?? pa??t??
• ?s????p?a ?a? e?a s?st?µa ?a??te??? apa?t?se??,
  ?a?e pa??t?? pa??e? t?? ?a??te?? apa?t?s? st??
  st?at????e? t?? a????

12
?ap??a pa????d?a a??µa

• Matching pennies
• ?a????d? µ?de????? a????sµat??
• ?e? ?pa??e? ?s????p?a se ?a?a?e? st?at????e?

• ?????? p??eµ??
• ????a??e? st?at????e? (d???µµa t?? f??a??sµe???)
• ?s????p?a ?a? p??ß?epe? p??????? a?ta????sµ?!

13
?ap??a pa????d?a a??µa, µe??? 2

• S??a?t?s? st?? ?ea ?????
• ?e?ase? ?a ??t?se?? t?p? s??a?t?s??!
• ?a? st? ?µpa?? Ste?t ?p???t???? ?? t????sta? ?
  st?? sta?µ? G??a?t Se?t?a? ?? ???s???
  ?e??????e????
• ??? ?ese?? ?s????p?e?!

• ?a????d? µa?te?a? (???? ?a??e?, 1995)
• ? pa??te?, d?a?e???? e?a? a???µ? ap? t? 0 e?? t?
  100
• ?e?d??e? ?p???? e??a? p?? ???ta sta 2/3 t?? µes??
  ???? t?? a????
• ?????????a ?a??te??? apa?t?se?? ?d??e? st? 0 ??
  µ??ad??? ?es? ?s????p?a?
• S?ed?? ?a?e?? a????p?? de? ep??e?e? µ?de? sta
  pe??aµata! (?? pe??ss?te??? ep??e???? 66, µeta
  ?ap???? 44 ???)
• ??e? ???µa ? ?e???a pa???????

14
F???s?f??? s???t?s?

• ? ?e???a pa?????? e??a? e?a e??a?e?? p?? ß???a
  t?? ?a????st??? s?e??, ??? t?? ?et???
• ?ee? t? ?a ep?epe ?a ?a???? p????? ?????????a
  ??ta, ??? t? ?a???? ?? a????p??
• Game theory is for doing theory not playing
  games! R. Selten
• Se µe???e? pe??pt?se?? ?ta? e???µe ?????? ?a?
  a??eta ???????????? pa??te? (p? ß??µ??a????
  ?e???a) e?e? ?a? ?ap??a d??aµ? p?????s??
• ???e?, ?ta? de? e???µe ????????sµ?, de? ?s??e? ?
  ?e???a
• ?pa??e? ?µ?? ?a? ?at? a??µa...
• ??e???t??? ?e???a pa??????! (µe?e? ??a t? te???)

15
??a?t??e? efa?µ??e? 1 - ???µ??a??a

• ? ?e???a a?ta????sµ??, µ???p????? ?a? ?????p?????
  e??a? ?ate????? ped?? efa?µ???? t?? ?e???a?
  pa??????
• ?d? ? Ga???? µa??µat???? ?????? t? 1838 e??a?e t?
  p??t? µ??te?? d??p?????. ????????se ???? µeta ?
  Bertrand
• St? e?a µ??te?? e???µe a?ta????sµ? t?µ?? ?a? st?
  a??? a?ta????sµ? p?s?t?ta? - e?te??? d?af??et??a
  ap?te?esµata!
• ? a???ß?? µ??f? ?a? d?a????s? t?? ?a?e a???a?
  e??a? ???p?? s?µa?t???
• ??te??? s?et??? ??ad?? t?? ??????µ????
  ß??µ??a???? ???a??s? (industrial organization)

16
??a?t??e? efa?µ??e? 1 - ???µ??a??a

• ?pa????? ?ap??a ?e???a s?µpe?asµata ap? t??
  ß?ß?????af?a
• ? s??e????s? d?? a?ta????st?? t??? fe??e?
  µe?a??te?a ?e?d? ap?t? a? a?ta???????t??sa?
  µeta?? t???
• ???a ?p?? st? d???µµa t?? f??a??sµe??? ? ?a?e?a?
  e?e? at?µ??? s?µfe??? ?a ap?????e? ap? ta
  s?µf????e?ta
• G?a?t? ta ?a?te? e??a? d?aß??ta d?s???? ?a
  s??t???????!
• ...e?t?? a? ?pa????? e??te????? µ??a??sµ??
  ep?ß????
• St?? ???? ? S.??aß?a e??a? ? pa??t?? p?? t?µ??e?
  t??? pa?aßate? µe ?e??a?a a???s? pa?a?????
  (pa??t?? ??e?d?)
• St?? pe??pt?s? t?? µaf?a? µ?a sfa??a 36µµ e??a? ?
  µ??a??sµ?? ep?ß????!

17
??a?t??e? efa?µ??e? 1 - ???µ??a??a

• Airbus vs Boeing
• ?a????d? µe 3 d??ate? ?ese?? ?s????p?a?
• ????p???? Boeing
• ????p???? Airbus
• ???p???? µe pa???te? ?a? t??? d?? pa??te?
• ?p?d?t?se?? µp????? ?a ep??eas??? t?? ?es?
  ?s????p?a?

18
??a?t??e? efa?µ??e? 2 - ????t???

• ?? µ??te?? ??????? d?af???p???s?? t?? ??te?????
• ??f?f????/?ata?a??te? se µ?a ??aµµ?
• G?aµµ??a/tet?a?????a ??st?
• ?e?t?st? ?es? t?? a?ta????st???
• Clustering! (s???e?t??s? se e?a s?µe??)

19
??a?t??e? efa?µ??e? 2 - ????t???

• ?fa?µ????
• ?????? d?aµa?t????ta? ?t? ta ??µµata µ??a????
  ?pe?ß????a p?a (?s? ? Pepsi ?a? ? Coca Cola)
• Barry Goldwater 1964, ?p???f??? p??ed??? t?? ???,
  apa??????e t? ?e?t?? ?a? e?ase ?eaµat??a
• ??e? e?p?de? e?a f??e?e??e?? ??µµa st?? ???ada?
• S?et??e? e??t?se??
• e??a? ?a?? ?a e???µe µe?a?e? e??????e?
  pe??fe?e?e??
• ?a d?aspaste? ? ? ???????

20
??a?t??e? efa?µ??e? 3 - ??ap?a?µate?se??

• Stat??e? ?e???e?
• Nash Bargaining Solution a???µat??? p??se???s?
• ? µ???as?a t?? p?tta? e?a?tata? ap? t??
  e??te???e? e?a??a?t??e? t?? pa??t?? ?a? ap? t??
  d?ap?a?µate?t??? t??? d??aµ?
• Kalai Smorodinsky solution
• ???aµ??e?
• Ariel Rubinstein e?a ?et??? µ??te??
• ? µ???as?a t?? p?tta? e?a?tata? ap? t??
  e??te???e? e?a??a?t??e? t?? pa??t?? a??a ?a? t??
  ?p?µ??? t?? ?a?e pa??t?, t?? ??????? ??????ta t??
  pa????d???, t?? p??a??t?ta d?a??p?? t??
  d?ap?a?µate?se??
• ?fa?µ??? ape???e?!
• ????a e??as?a?!

21
??a?t??e? efa?µ??e? 4 ??µ?s?a a?a?a

• ?a pa????d?a d?µ?s??? a?a??? µ??a???? p??? µe t?
  d???µµa t?? f??a??sµe???
• ?a?e pa??t?? e?e? e?a p??t?f??? µe ? e???
• ?p??e? ?a d?se? ?sa ?e?e? st? ????? a?a??
• ?a ???µata p?? pa?e st? ????? a?a??
  p???ap?as?a???ta? ep? ?gt1 ?a? µ???a???ta? se
  ????? t??? pa??te?
• ?? ?fe??? t?? ?a?e pa??t? st? te??? e??a? ??
  e?sp?a?e?? ap? t? ????? a?a?? ?a? ta ?efta p??
  µe???? st? p??t?f???
• ?s????p?a ?a??
• ??de???e? s??e?sf??e? (free riding) !
• ?e??aµat??a ap?te?esµata? ?e??d?? ße?t??s???

22
??e???t??? ?e???a pa??????

• ?? a?t? ??a p????? ?????????a ??ta, e???µe t?
  a???ß?? a?t??et?
• ?ß???a ??ta p?? pa????? pa?ta t?? ?d?a st?at?????
• ??a????? t?? ep?t???a? t??? e???? ap??????? p??
  a?t???af??? t?? st?at????? (??a t?? ?p???? ?
  s?µpe??f??a ?a?????eta? ?e?et??a.)
• ?e?a??? p????sµ?? p?? pa????? e?a pa????d? ?a?
  a?apt?ss??ta? µe µ?a e?e???t??? d??aµ??? fta????
  se µ?a ?s????p?a (ESS) p?? e??a? a?a???? t??
  ?s????p?a? ?a?!
• ??a??a?t??? interpretation µa??s?
• ?????p?? p?? µ?µ???ta? t??? p?? ep?t???µe????
  s??ade?f??? t??? ???s?µ?p????ta? ?ap????
  µa??s?a?? ?a???a
• S?????s? t?? µ?µ?s?? p??? ?s????p?a ?a?!

23
??e???t??? ?e???a - efa?µ??e?

• ?? efa?µ??e? a?t?? t?? ?pt???? e??a? ??s?ast??a
  a?e?a?t??te?
• ?a?e ????????? fa???µe?? µp??e? ?a a?a???e? ??
  e?a pa????d?
• ? ?es? ?s????p?a? t?? ???????a? de? µp??e? ?a
  e??a? p??? µa???a ap? t?? ?s????p?a ?a? t??
  pa????d??? p?? pa??e? ? ???????a
• ??????te?? pa?ade??µa ???µat???????µ??a
• ?? ?a??? pa??te? e?afa?????ta? ap? t?? a???a
  a??µa ?a? a? de? µa?a????? ap? ta ?a?? t???
• ?p?a epe?d? ??e???p???!

24
??e???t??? ?e???a ?a? ?????????? ?esµ??

• ?? ?????????? ?esµ?? ep??ea???? t? pa????d?
• ???a ?? ?????????? ?esµ?? e??a? ?a? µ?a ?es?
  ?s????p?a?!
• ?pe?d? ?esµ?? p?? de? e??a? ?es? ?s????p?a?
  pe?a??e? p??? ??????a
• ????ap?e? ?ese?? ?s????p?a?? ?????? p??a???
  sta?e??? ?esµ??!
• ????? ?esµ?? e??a? ?s?t?µ?? (?d???s? sta de??a ?
  a??ste?a)
• ????? ??? (??at?? d??a??? e?a?t??? desp?t????
  ??at??? )
• ??at? ?a? ??????µ?e? µe ?s?????? ?a? pa?a????????
  ?esµ??? a?apt?ss??ta? ta??te?a
• ????te e?a???? ?et????? ?esµ??? (?p?? e?a?a? ??
  ?????? st?? ???) a???te d???? ?atast??f??a
  ?atast?ef??ta? ?esµ??? (?spa??a st?? ?at?????
  ?µe????)

25
??e???t??? ?e???a ?a? ?????????? ?esµ?? 2

• ??? µp????µe ?a ß????s??µe t?? a?apt??? ?esµ???
• S?????? a? ? a????? ?es? e??a? ???ta se e?a ap?
  ta d?? s?µe?a ?s????p?a? ?ata?????µe se a?t?
  a??µa ?a? a? de? e??a? t? ?a??te?? (path
  dependency)
• ?p?? st?? ß???????? e?e???? ? d?µ? t?? µat???
  de? e??a? a?t? p?? ?a d?a?e?e e?a? µ??a?????! (ta
  ?e??a e??a? µeta?? t?? f?t?? ?a? t??
  f?t?e?a?s??t?? ??tta???)
• ?? µetaßat??? stad?? ap? t?? µ?a ?es? ?s????p?a?
  st?? a??? e??a? s???a ep???µ?? ??a t??? pa??te?
• p? ? µetaßas? se e?a? ?e? t??p? ???a??s?? µp??e?
  a????a ?a ??µ???e? ????? t??? p???te?!
• ???? pa?ade??µa µetaßas? ap? ?e???e?µe?? d?af???a
  se ??at?? d??a???
• ??ße???se?? ?a? d?e??e?? ???a??sµ?? p?epe? ?a
  pa?e???? p????? ?ste ? µetaßas? ?a e??a? a??d???
  ?a? ?? p???te? ?a µ?? a?t?t??e?ta?

26
??e???t??? ?e???a ?a? ?????????? ?esµ?? 3

• ?p????µe ?µ?? ?a ?p?ß?????µe t?? µetaßas? se
  ?e??? ?esµ??? µe ?p?? t?? µ?µ?s?
• ??µ???????ta? ??s?de? a??ste?a?
• ?a?ade??µa t? ?tt??? ?et?? p?? µe t?? d?µ??????a
  t?? a?a??ase t?? ??e?t???? se aµes? s?????s?
• ?? tape???t??? ?asµa p???t?ta? efe?e µe?a?e?
  p?ese?? ??a aµes? a?aµ??f?s?
• ???? pa?ade??µa ?a µp????se ?a e??a? e?a
  e?a??et??? pa?ep?st?µ?? p?? ?a ede???e st???
  ?????e? ?t? µp??e? ?a ?pa??e? ????fa?a pa?de?a
  st?? ???ada

27
?? µe?e? ??a ep?µe?e? d?a?e?e???

• ?µßa???s? se a?ta p?? e?paµe ?d?
• ?e??aµat??a ??????µ??a
• ??µ?p?as?e? ?a? s?ed?asµ?? µ??a??sµ??
• ???t?a - d?ad?s? ?de?? ?a? µ?µ?d???
• ...

28
?e?a?te?? µe?et? p??te???µe?a ß?ß??a

• Te???t??a "Fun and Games A Text on Game
  Theory", Ken Binmore, A.I.T.B.S Publishers.
• "A Course in Game Theory", Martin J. Osborne and
  Ariel Rubinstein,  MIT Press.
• " A Primer in Game Theory", Robert Gibbons
• ?fa?µ??e? Principled agents, Timothy Besley
• The selfish gene, Richard Dawkins