By Willow Ridge Plastics, Inc'

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ByWillow Ridge Plastics, Inc.
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Degradable PlasticA Solution to Plastic Waste
Problems Worldwide

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Willow Ridge Plastics Introduction

• Willow Ridge is a manufacturer of
  oxo-biodegradable additives.
• WRP is one of the founding members of the
  Degradable Polymer Council , a division of The
  Society of The Plastics Industries.
• WRP is a member of the Oxo-Biodegrad-able
  Plastics Institute.

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Table of Contents

• Titles Slide No.
• Definition of Degradation 5 - 14
• Myths 51-56
• Plastic Waste Worldwide Problem 16-17
• Paper vs.. Plastic, Myths 18-19, 52
• Technology Available 20-21
• WRP Solutions , Advantages 23-37 , 62
• Quality Control 38-45
• Molecular Wt. Test Results 46-51
• Applications 58-61
• Equipment 62
• Contact 63-66

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Willow Ridge Plastics Definition Degradation
Mechanism

• WRPs additives use the oxo-biodegradation
  process to degrade the plastic.
• This method uses exposure to a UV light source,
  heat, and time to completely degrade the plastic.
• The degradation time is controlled by the
  percentage of additive used.

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Willow Ridge Plastics Definition Degradation
Mechanism

• ISO 4721988
• Degradation
• A Change in the Chemical structure of a plastic
  involving a deleterious change in properties.
• Deterioration
• A permanent change in the physical properties of
  a plastic evidenced by impairment of these
  properties.

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Willow Ridge Plastics Definition Degradation
Mechanism

• ASTM D20.96
• Biodegradable Plastic
• A degradable plastic in which the degradation
  results from the action of naturally occurring
  microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae.

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Willow Ridge Plastics Definition Degradation
Mechanism

• ASTM D20.96
• Degradable Plastic
• A plastic designed to undergo a significant
  change in its chemical structure under specific
  environmental conditions resulting in a loss of
  some properties that may vary as measured by
  standard test methods appropriate to the plastic
  and the application in a period of time that
  determines its classification.

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Willow Ridge Plastics Definition Degradation
Mechanism

• ASTM D20.96
• Oxidatively Degradable Plastic
• A degradable plastic in which the degradation
  results from oxidation.
• Photodegradable plastic
• A degradable plastic in which the degradation
  results from the action of natural daylight.

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Willow Ridge Plastics Definition Degradation
Mechanism

• Photodegradation
• Prodegradants can be varied to provide increased
  sensitivity to UV radiation from the sun.
• Prodegradants which contain trace quantities of
  activated, non toxic elements create free
  radicals which randomly attack the polymer chain.
  
• Ultimately, these free radicals sever molecular
  bonds to an extent that allows bacteria to
  consume the plastic.

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Willow Ridge Plastics Definition Degradation
Mechanism

• Thermal/Oxidation
• The oxidation effect is similar to burning the
  plastic and consumes the carbon elements in the
  plastic backbone.

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Willow Ridge Plastics Definition Degradation
Mechanism
Degradation generally takes effect in phases

• First Phase
• The film is exposed to a UV light source, heat,
  or over a period of time, the oxidation process
  begins

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Willow Ridge Plastics Definition Degradation
Mechanism

• The Second Phase
• The film loses physical properties. It becomes
  brittle and reduces in size. It becomes smaller
  and smaller

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Willow Ridge Plastics Definition Degradation
Mechanism

• The last phase
• As the film continues to break down to molecular
  size and become a food source for surface
  bacteria and microorganisms
• This last phase results in low molecular weight
  paraffin like waxes, soil type mulch (biomass),
  and finally carbon dioxide and water.

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Willow Ridge Plastics Definition Degradation
Mechanism
The trend of the degradation process is our basis
for determining 100 degradability.
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A Plastic Waste Problem Worldwide Government
Policies

• Several governments worldwide are moving toward
  regulating the use of non-degradable plastic
  bags. Some are listed below
• Europe
• China
• Sri Lanka
• Mauritius
• Thailand
• Australia
• South Africa

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A Plastic Waste Problem Worldwide Government
Policies

• Recycling requires a complete self serving
  infrastructure to collect, sort, reprocess, and
  resell. The resale of recycled plastic at a
  profit is a problem.
• In most countries the most cost effective
  solution is degradable plastics.
• The most cost effective degradable additive for
  plastics is Willow Ridge Plastics.

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A Plastic Waste Problem WorldwidePaper verses
Plastics

• Paper is degradable but the cost of making paper
  bags is much higher than the cost of making
  plastic bags.
• Twice the amount of energy is required to
  manufacture paper bags than is required to
  manufacture the same quantity of polyethylene
  bags.
• Paper production damages the environment.
• Degradable plastics is the only viable
  alternative to eliminating plastic pollution in
  this century.

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A Plastic Waste Problem WorldwidePaper verses
Plastics

• The most cost effective degradable plastic
  additive is Willow Ridge Plastics.

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TechnologyOther

• Gelatinized starch is one such technology,
  invented in the 1980s but not updated.
• This product must be used at 100 and has a cost
  several times that of Polyethylene.
• Bags made from this product will have very poor
  physical qualities and will be more costly.
• There are processing problems with this product
• burning starch is a problem
• high scrap ratio

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Technology Other

• Chemically made (man-made) degradable resins are
  new to the market.
• Renewable resources (corn, pulp) are fermented
  and made into resin.
• 100 of the resin is required.
• This resin is very costly.
• Processing problems are inherent.

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Technology Willow Ridge Plastics

• Willow Ridge Plastics products are added at low
  percentages making the end product more cost
  effective.
• Any moisture problems are controlled by AQUANIL
  .
• We offer the latest technology that has been
  proven.

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Solutions offered by WRPControlled Degradation

• The function of the additives is to degrade the
  plastics. The quantity (by percentage of weight)
  of the additives in the master batch determines
  the speed with which the plastic degrades.

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Solutions offered by WRPStarch-based Degradable
Products

• Polystarch is a composite of 55 food grade corn
  starch and LLDPE. A processing aid and AQUANIL
  desiccant are added. There are several grades
  of Polystarch . Each grade is blended with
  varying amounts of photo and oxidative enhancers
  to achieve certain degradation results.

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Solutions offered by WRPStarch-based Degradable
Products

• Custom blends of Polystarch can be manufactured
  to meet specific requirements.

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Solutions offered by WRPStarch-based Degradable
Products

• Usage
• The normal usage recommendation for Polystarch
  is 25 by weight. This amount can be varied
  depending on specific requirements.

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Solutions offered by WRP For Various
Applications

• Application
• Trash Bags
• Garbage Bags
• Compost Bags
• Agricultural Film
• Mulch Film
• Golf Tees
• Flower Pots
• Nursery Trays
• Disposable Razors
• Bottles
• Injection Molding Items
• Blow Molding Items
• Extruded Items

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Solutions offered by WRPNon Starch-based
Degradable Products

• WRPs non-starch based degradable additive PDQ-H
  uses photo, oxidative and biodegradation
  mechanisms to degrade the end product.
• PDQ-H is non-toxic and contains no regulated
  heavy metals.

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Solutions offered by WRPNon Starch-based
Degradable Products

• WRPs non-starch based degradable additive BDA
  uses photo, oxidative and biodegradation
  mechanisms to degrade the end product.
• BDA is non-toxic and contains no regulated heavy
  metals.

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Solutions offered by WRPNon Starch-based
Degradable Products

• There are two PDQ products and one BDA product
  that are non starch
• PDQ
• PDQ-H
• BDA

These non starch based additives are used at very
low loadings. No process changes are needed to
use these products. These non toxic additives,
contain no regulated heavy metals, and are used
in Food Contact Applications.
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Solutions offered by WRPNon Starch-based
Degradable Products
PDQ-H In Food Contact Applications

• FDA- All ingredients used in the manufacture of
  PDQ-H and BDA are listed in the Federal
  Register, Code of Federal Regulations 21, Parts
  170 to 199 as Generally Recognized As Safe For
  Food Contact Applications.
• Europe- All ingredients used in the manufacture
  of PDQ-H and BDA are listed in the Official
  Journal of the European Union Commission
  Directive 2002/72/EC of 6 August, 2002 relating
  to plastic materials and articles intended to
  come into contact with foodstuffs, Incomplete
  List Of Additives Which May Be Used In The
  Manufacture Of Plastic Materials And Articles.
• Europe- Film manufactured using PDQ-H has been
  tested and found to conform to EC Directive
  2002/72/EC for overall migration. These results
  permit the use of the film with all food types at
  temperatures lt40º C.
• PDQ-H and BDA are non-toxic and contains no
  heavy metals.

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Solutions offered by WRPNon Starch-based
Degradable Products

• There is one UV product in the non starch
  category
• UV -H

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Solutions offered by WRPNon Starch-based
Degradable Products

• The oxidation effect is similar to burning the
  plastic and consumes the carbon elements in the
  plastic backbone.
• Prodegradants, which contain trace quantities of
  activated, non toxic elements create free
  radicals which randomly attack the polymer chain.
  Ultimately, these free radicals sever molecular
  bonds to an extent that allows bacteria to
  consume the plastic.

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Solutions offered by WRPNon Starch-based
Degradable Products

• The measurement of this degradation is the loss
  of physical properties. In the final phase this
  measurement is extremely difficult, if not
  impossible to make. Therefore, the trend of loss
  of physical properties is very important

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Solutions offered by WRPNon Starch-based
Degradable Products

• Usage
• PDQ products are added at a very low percentage
  normally 3-5 by weight. At these low
  percentages, these products are very cost
  effective. Using UV-H at 2 loading is very
  cost effective.
• BDA is used at 1 to 5 loadings by weight.

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Solutions offered by WRP Desiccant

• AQUANIL
• Application
• Moisture control

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Solutions offered by WRP Desiccant

• Usage
• Used at 3-10 to control moisture in most plastic
  resins. AQUANIL is blended with the wet resin
  and then processed normally.
• The chart on the left suggests AQUANIL and
  masterbatch resin be blended in a ratio based on
  weight.

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Quality Control Test Methods

• Degradation Test Data
• Accelerated test methods usually test only one or
  two of the degradation parameters. Actual field
  tests demonstrate faster degradation than
  predicted by individual laboratory tests.

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Quality Control Test Methods

• Thermal Aging Tests
• Thermal Aging Tests are used to demonstrate the
  effects of time under accelerated conditions
• Elongation and Tensile strength are generally
  regarded as the two key physical properties in
  assessing the degredability of film when tested
  at 70 degrees C and 50 relative humidity.

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Quality Control Test Methods

• Thermal Aging Tests
• Films containing 25 Polystarch (12.5 actual
  starch content) lose total elongation and
  fracture completely after 50 days.
• Tensile strength is reduced by 50 in the same
  period.
• It is important to note that a typical trait of
  the product is a relative strong film for about
  40 days and then a sharp fall off to almost zero
  (0) elongation from days 40 to 50.

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Quality Control Test Methods

• UV Degradation
• This test shows a rapid loss in elongation to
  functionally nothing in about 75 hours.
• In bright sunshine, this would be the equivalent
  of about two months.

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Quality Control Test Methods

• Actual Field Test
• WRP agricultural mulch film evidenced almost a
  total loss of elongation after 16 days of outdoor
  exposure in the summer, in Illinois, USA.
• WRP films proved to degrade faster than the
  competitive degradable films in the same field
  test.

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Quality Control ASTM Standards

• ASTM D3826-91
• Standard Practice for Determining Degradation End
  Point in Degradable Poly-ethylene and
  Polypropylene Using a Tensile Test

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Quality Control ASTM Standards

• ASTM D5510-94
• Standard Practice for Heat Aging of Oxidatively
  Degradable Plastics

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Quality Control ASTM Standards

• ASTM D5208-91
• Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent
  Ultraviolet (UV) and Condensation Aparatus for
  Exposure of Photo Degradable Plastics

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Molecular Weight Test Result
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Molecular Weight Test Result

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Molecular Weight Test Result

For details, please request for report through
the web site www.willowridgeplastics.com
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Molecular Weight Test Result

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Molecular Weight Test Result

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Molecular Weight Test Result

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Myth 1 Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics Will Harm the
Environment
Truth 1 Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics Will Not Harm
the Environment
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Evidence 1 Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics Will Not
Harm the Environment
BIOASSAY REPORT ACUTE TOXICITY TEST Conducted
November 27 through December 1, 2002

• Prepared for Willow Ridge Plastics, Inc.
  Erlanger, Kentucky
• Prepared by
• S-F ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES Bioassay Laboratory
  6125 West National Avenue Milwaukee, WI 53214
• Lab I.D. No. 021148
• December 2002

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Evidence 1 Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics Will Not
Harm the Environment

• Conclusions
• The results of the laboratory bioassay conducted
  November 27 through December 1, 20 PDQ-H water
  extract sample for Willow Ridge Plastics, Inc.,
  show the following
• The water extract of the PDQ-H sample was not
  acutely toxic to fathead minnow below the 50
  percent concentration.
• Laboratory control water data were acceptable in
  the bioassay.

For details, please request for report through
the web site www.willowridgeplastics.com
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Truth 2 Plastics Are Biodegradable
Myth 2 Plastics Are Not Biodegradable
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Evidence 2 Plastics Are Biodegradable
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Evidence 2 Plastics Are Biodegradable
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ApplicationsBlown Film or Cast Film Products

• Our additives can be used on existing equipment
  with only minor processing changes.
• All products can be used in the following resin
  systems LLDPE, LDPE, HDPE, PP, or a mixture of
  the above.
• AQUANIL can be used with this process to
  control moisture problems you may have with wet
  resins.

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ApplicationsInjection Molding Products

• Polystarch can be used at 100 in injection
  molding or it can be used at lower percentages.
  Minor temperature changes may be required.
• PDQ-H and BDA additives can be used at various
  percentages with little or no changes in
  temperatures or cycle times.
• AQUANIL can be used with this process to control
  moisture problems you may have with wet resins.

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ApplicationsBlow Molding Products

• PDQ-H and BDA are recommended for this process.
  Very little or no process changes will be
  required.
• AQUANIL can be used with this process to control
  moisture problems you may have with wet resins.

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ApplicationsExtrusion Products

• PDQ-H and BDA are recommended for this process.
  Very little or no process changes will be
  required.
• Examples of forms fishing line, weed eaters,
  tops to Zip Lock Bags
• AQUANIL can be used with this process to control
  moisture problems you may have with wet resins.

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Equipment Required

• No special equipment is required to process
  Willow Ridge Plastics degradable additives.
• No changes other than minor temperature changes
  will be required to process our products on your
  existing equipment.

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Willow Ridge PlasticsAdvantages

• A profitable, cost-effective solution to a world
  problem
• The most cost-effective degradable bags in the
  market
• A value-added product
• The best desiccant in the world for controlling
  moisture problems while converting plastics

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TECHNICAL QUESTIONS

• wrplastic_at_aol.com
• www.willowridgeplastics.com

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Willow Ridge Plastics, Inc.Asian Region Sales
E. Tu Associates, Inc. 5027 Madison Road, Suite
100 Cincinnati, OH 45243 U.S.A. Tel
513-561-1010 Fax [phone] E Mail
etutrade_at_mac.com Web site www.etutrade.com