Cytology

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Cytology

• Objectives
• Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Investigate the anatomy (structure) and
  physiology (function) of a typical cell
• Compare animal and plant cells

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Cytology

• Cytology is the study of the structure and
  function of cells.
• Cytoplasm is the area of space outside the
  nucleus but which is contained within the cell
  membrane. It contains the organelles and fluid.
• The organelles are tiny structures in the
  cytoplasm which perform various jobs for the
  cell.
• The fluid part of the cytoplasm is called the
  cytosol.
• Cell

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Nucleoplasm

• Nucleoplasm is the area of space found inside
  the nucleus.

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Prokaryotic Cells

• They lack a nuclear membrane as well any other
  membrane covered organelles in their cytoplasm.
• Considered to be Primitive Cells
• Example Bacteria Blue-Green Algae

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Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotic Cells

• They possess a nuclear membrane as well as
  membrane bound organelles in their cytoplasm.
• Example Plant Animal Cells

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Eukaryotic Cell
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The Cell

• Structure Function

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The Nucleus

• is the computer or control center of the cell.
• contains the genetic material of life DNA
  (Deoxyribonucleic acid).
• Long chains of DNA form Chromatin.
• Short sections of DNA along a piece of chromatin
  form Genes.
• The Human Genome consists of about 30,000 Genes.

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The Nucleus

• Lets draw a cell that we will add to as the unit
  continues.

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• Nucleolus / Nucleoli (plural) is a dark
  spherical structure that is the site of ribosome
  formation.
• Nuclear Membrane or Envelope surrounds the
  nucleus
• Nuclear pores control what moves in and out of
  the nucleus

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DNA Structure

• The building blocks of DNA are called Nucleotides
• A nucleotide consists of a
• 1. phosphate group
• 2. sugar
• 3. nitrogen base 4 types
• adenine (A)
• thymine (T)
• cytosine (C)
• guanine (G)
• DNA consists of two nucleotide chains connected
  together to form a twisted ladder called a Double
  Helix

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Nucleotide Structure

• Nucleotides look like this

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Nucleotides

• Draw a DNA strand with the base sequence
  A-C-T on the left side. Make the top left the 5

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A
T
C
G
T
A
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Organelles

• Look in your textbook (175-179) to find the
  function and appearance of the following.
• Record your finding in your notes.
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth)
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes

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Organelles

• Ribosomes tiny non-membrane bound structures
  that synthesize proteins.
• Proteins composed of long chains of amino acids
  , makes up 75 of a cells dry weight.

• Proteins are important because they
• (1) provide the main structural component of you
• (2) act as Hormones, which are chemical
  messangers
• (3) act as Enzymes, which control all chemical
  reactions in your cells

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• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) membrane
  bound canals with a rough appearance due to
  ribosomes
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) membrane
  bound canals that lack ribosomes , hence the
  smooth appearance. Lipids (fats) are transported
  through the SER

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Ribosomes and RER/SER
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• Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Bodies / Golgi Complex
• Is often referred to as the cells post office.
• Proteins from the RER travel to Golgi, where they
  are (1) sorted, (2)addressed, (3) packaged
  into membrane bound vesicles called Lysosomes
• Lysosomes

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Golgi Bodies and Lysosomes
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RER/Golgi Bodies

• RER/Golgi Bodies

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Try this!

• 1. Cells that lack membrane bound organelles are
  called _____.
• 2. Cells with a defined nucleus are called _____.
• 3. The openings in the nuclear envelop are called
  _____.
• 4. Long thin strands of DNA are called _____.
• 5. Coiled up strands of DNA are called _____
• 6. Dark spheres in the nucleus where ribosomes
  are produced are called _____.
• 7. Canal network throughout the cell used for
  transporting material is called _____.
• 8. The term ______ is used to describe ER with
  ribosomes attached.
• 9. Protein are produced at the site of ______.
• 10. Vesicles that carry digestive enzymes are
  called _____ .
• 11. The post office of the cell is the _____.
• 12. The canal network that transports fats is
  called _____.

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Lets Add to our Developing Cell
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Back to your Textbook

• Read (179-181) about the following organelles and
  describe their function in your notes
• Vacuoles
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Cytoskeleton
• Microfilaments
• Microtubules
• Centrioles

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Mitochondrion

• Mitochondria (plural) is a membrane bound oval
  shaped organelle that function as the cells
  power plant.
• This is where glucose is broken down to release
  energy during a chemical reaction called
  Cellular Respiration
• This energy released is stored in energy carrying
  molecules called ATP.
• It takes 36 ATP molecules to store the energy
  released from the break down of one glucose
  molecule.

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Cellular Respiration

• C6H12O6 6O2 enzyme 6CO2 6H2O
  Energy
• This energy will be stored in 36 ATP
  molecules.
• Only eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.
• Mitochondria have their own DNA! ??
• (Scientists think that the mitochondria was once
  a cell that was engulfed by another cell
  producing the first Eukaryotic cell)

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another organelle

• Centrioles 2 bundles of rod-shaped fibres that
  function in cell division
• Only found in Animal cells

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another organelle

• Vacuole special vesicle that store water (water
  vacuole) or stores food particles (food vacuole)
• Water vacuoles are small in animal cells. (2
  below) Number in your notebook from 1 to 13 and
  identify the structures below.

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Answers

• 1. Centrioles
• 2. Water vacuole
• 3. Lysosome (usually beside the G.A.)
• 4. Mitochondria
• 5. Cytoplasm
• 6. Golgi Apparatus
• 7. Nucleolus
• 8. Nuclear envelop
• 9. Chromatin (Chromosome)
• 10. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• 11. Ribosomes
• 12. There is no 12!
• 13. Cell membrane

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Anaerobic Respiration

• - Breaking down glucose without the use of O2
• () quick supply of energy
• (-) small amount of energy/build up of Lactic
  Acid
• C6H12O6 2 C3H6O3 E
• Only 2 ATP molecules are needed to store this
  energy

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Animal Cell
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome (free)
Nuclear envelope
Cell membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome (attached)
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
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Plant Cell
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (free)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome (attached)
Cell wall
Golgi apparatus
Cell membrane
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
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Whats The Difference?
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Plant Cells

• Contain Plastids, special organelles in plants
• A) Chloroplasts site of photosynthesis
• B) Amyloplasts found in the roots cells of
  plants and store starch

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Chloroplast

• Found autotrophs
• Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
• They are involved with the process of
  Photosynthesis.
• Photosynthesis is exactly the opposite chemical
  reaction compared to Cellular Respiration

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Photosynthesis

• 6CO2 6H2O sun light C6H12O6 6O2
• The glucose created from photosynthesis can
  now be broken down through Aerobic Respiration to
  release energy that will be stored in 36 ATP
  molecules.
• Chloroplasts also have their own DNA ?

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• Animal and Plant Cell