Organizational Systems

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CHAPTER 5

• Organizational Systems

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ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS

• TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
• ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS
• DATA WAREHOUSING
• OFFICE AUTOMATION
• GROUPWARE
• INTRANETS
• FACTORY AUTOMATION

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MANAGERIAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS

• DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
• DATA MINING
• GROUP SUPPORT SYSTEMS
• GEOGRAPHIC INFO SYSTEMS
• EXECUTIVE INFO SYSTEMS
• EXPERT SYSTEMS
• NEURAL NETWORKS
• VIRTUAL REALITY

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BATCH vs. ON-LINE PROCESSING

• BATCH PROCESSING Accumulate a suitable batch of
  transactions, then process entire batch
• ON-LINE PROCESSING Process transactions as they
  occur, updating all files almost immediately

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DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS

• THE DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESSING POWER TO MULTIPLE
  SITES
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING BECOMES
  CRITICAL

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CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS

• PROCESSING POWER DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN A CENTRAL
  SERVER, SUCH AS A MINICOMPUTER OR POWERFUL
  WORKSTATION, AND A NUMBER OF CLIENT COMPUTERS,
  USUALLY DESKTOP MICROCOMPUTERS
• SPLIT IN RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN SERVER AND
  CLIENT VARIES FROM APPLICATION TO APPLICATION

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CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS

• BUILDING BLOCKS OF A CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEM
• Client Wants file, data, or service
• Server Location of desired support
• MIDDLEWARE Software needed to support
  interaction between clients and servers

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CLIENT / SERVER
CLIENT SERVER
USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION
DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES
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ALTERNATIVE CLIENT/SERVER MODELS

• TWO-TIER FAT CLIENT OR THIN SERVER MODEL Most
  work done on client
• TWO-TIER THIN CLIENT OR FAT SERVER MODEL Most
  work done on server

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ALTERNATIVE CLIENT/SERVER MODELS

• THREE-TIER MODEL Separate application and
  database servers. User interface is on client
  (tier 1), processing is on application server
  (tier 2), and data is on database server (tier 3)
  

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TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS

• PAYROLL
• ORDER ENTRY
• INVENTORY
• ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
• ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
• HUMAN RESOURCES
• MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS PLANNING (MRP)

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ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS (ERP)

• SPECIAL TYPE OF TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM
• A SET OF INTEGRATED BUSINESS APPLICATIONS
  PURCHASED FROM A SOFTWARE VENDOR
• USUALLY INCLUDE MODULES TO CARRY OUT COMMON
  BUSINESS FUNCTIONS

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ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS (ERP)

• DISTINGUISHING FEATURES FROM EARLIER TPS
  Modules integrated through common definitions,
  common database. Modules reflect a particular set
  of business processes
• LEADING VENDORS SAP (German), Baan, Oracle, and
  PeopleSoft

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DATA WAREHOUSING

• ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF A LARGE DATA
  STORAGE FACILITY CONTAINING DATA ON MANY ASPECTS
  OF THE ENTERPRISE
• DATA PULLED FROM OPERATIONAL SYSTEMS, PLACED IN A
  SEPARATE DATA WAREHOUSE Users may analyze data
  without endangering operational systems

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DATA WAREHOUSING

• THREE TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• WAREHOUSE CONSTRUCTION SOFTWARE Extracts
  relevant data from databases
• WAREHOUSE OPERATION SOFTWARE Stores data,
  manages warehouse
• WAREHOUSE ACCESS AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE Catalog,
  query reporting tools

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OFFICE AUTOMATION

• THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TO AUTOMATE
  VARIOUS ASPECTS OF OFFICE OPERATIONS

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OFFICE AUTOMATION

• MICROCOMPUTERS CONNECTED BY LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
  (LAN)
• WORD PROCESSING AND APPLICATION SUITES
• ELECTRONIC MAIL
• WORD PROCESSING
• PHOTOCOPYING

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OFFICE AUTOMATION

• DOCUMENT PREPARATION
• VOICE MAIL
• DESKTOP PUBLISHING
• PERSONAL DATABASES
• ELECTRONIC CALENDARING
• FACSIMILE MACHINES

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GROUPWARE

• SOFTWARE DESIGNED TO SUPPORT GROUPS BY
  FACILITATING COLLABORATION, COMMUNICATION, AND
  COORDINATION
• GROUPWARE FUNCTIONS Electronic mail, bulletin
  boards, computer conferencing, calendaring, group
  scheduling, sharing documents

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GROUPWARE

• MORE FUNCTIONS Electronic whiteboards, meeting
  support systems, workflow routing, electronic
  forms, desktop videoconferencing

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INTRANETS

• NETWORK OPERATING WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION THAT
  EMPLOYS THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL
• USES SAME WEB BROWSER, CRAWLER, SERVER SOFTWARE
  AS INTERNET
• INTRANETS DELIVER FUNCTIONALITY OF GROUPWARE AT
  LOWER COST

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FACTORY AUTOMATION

• NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED MACHINES
• MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS PLANNING (MRP)
• COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING (CIM)
• COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) Computer generates
  plans for parts

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FACTORY AUTOMATION

• COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING (CAE) Computer
  generates calculations
• GROUP TECHNOLOGY (GT)
• MANUFACTURING RESOURCE PLANNING (MRP II)
  Computer consolidates capacity needs
• SUPPLY-CHAIN MANAGEMENT (SCM) Controls
  distribution of raw materials, finished products

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FACTORY AUTOMATION

• COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING (CAM) Computers
  control processes
• MANUFACTURING AUTOMATION PROTOCOL (MAP) Protocol
  to ensure open manufacturing system
• ROBOTICS

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CHAPTER 5

• Organizational Systems