Objective

1
(No Transcript)
2
Objective

• To investigate how national and regional policies
  influence the environmental sustainability of
  emerging local residential forms, especially in
  the Auckland Region using a case study based
  approach.

3
Urban Sustainability Policies

• National
• - Resource Management Act 1991
• - National Energy Efficiency and Conservation
  Strategy, 2001
• - Local Government Act 2002
• - New Zealand Transport Strategy, 2002
• - Sustainable Development Programme of Action
  (NZSDPOA), 2003
• - Building Act 2004
• - New Zealand Urban Design Protocol, 2005

• Auckland Regional
• Auckland Regional Growth Strategy 2050 (ARGS)
• Auckland Regional Land Transport Strategy, 2005
• Auckland Regional Affordable Housing Strategy,
  2003
• District Plans, Regional Plans and Regional
  Policy Statements

• Projects
• - Learning Sustainability
• - Low Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD)
  
• - Beacon Pathway Ltd
• Auckland Sustainable Cities Programme (Urban
  Form, Design and
• Development (UFDD) and Transport and Urban
  Form (TUF))

4
URBAN TAXONOMY
5
Local Urban Scale
Close To Inner City High density Medium Rise
Residential
Suburban Low Density Low Rise
Suburban Medium density Medium Rise Mixed
Residential
6
Three Case Studies Auckland Region

• Greenwich Park, Grafton, Auckland City
• Addison, Papakura District
• Earthsong Eco-Neighbourhood, Waitakere City

Sustainable Urban Form Analysis

• Applications of urban design principles
• Design characteristics
• Subdivision layouts and open space provisions
• Density of development
• Potential and actual renewable energy use
• Available transport options

7
Greenwich Park, Grafton, Auckland

• Inner city mixed-use, high-density, gated
  community
• 85 attached two-level terraced townhouses
• Site area1.53 hectares
• Dwelling density 56 dwellings per hectare
• Lot sizes 300350 m² Approximate House Size
  100 m²

• Good access to public transport buses and
  train
• Close to shopping centres
• Lack of pedestrian connectivity and vehicular
  traffic segregation
• Open space areas along the site boundary
• Subject to motorway noise

Aerial photo source Auckland City Council
8
Grafton

• Repetitive monotonous built forms
• High fence acts as a visual barrier
• Narrow strips of landscaped areas
• High impervious areas

9
Grafton

• Sustainability features assumed
• compact form
• shared services
• increased walkability to work
• use of public transport

• Effective passive solar design
• north orientations of roofs
• sufficient glazing in façades
• allows solar gain
• available solar efficient roof
• (No use of solar water heater or PV modules
  currently)
• Inadequate spaces for installation of above
  ground rain tanks

10
Addison, Takanini, Papakura

• Suburban master-planned community built on
  new urbanism principles
• 1500 homes of mixed housing types
• Site area of approximately 80 ha of land
• Dwelling density ranges from 16 dwellings to 23
  dwellings per hectare
• Lot sizes vary from 180 m² to 486 m²

• Very good vehicular and
• pedestrian segregation
• Well clustered housing around
• open-space areas

Site Plan source http//www.mip.co.nz/development
s/project/addison
11
Addison

• Choice of harmonious colour schemes
• Street facades and vistas created in
  aesthetically pleasing manner
• Increased amenity values as located close to
  Bruce Pullman Park
• Adequately designed landscaping
• Modern residential environment

12
Addison

• Comprehensive sustainability framework includes
• access to facilities
• waste recycling and management
• solar orientation and energy conservation
• low-impact storm water management
• biodiversity and planting

13
Earthsong, Waitakere City

• Medium Density eco neighbourhood with a variety
  of housing types
• 32 homes built on the principles of permaculture
  and cohousing
• Site area 1.62 hectares
• Dwelling density 20 dwellings per hectare
• Interactive community committed to more
  sustainable behaviour

Site Plan source http//www.earthsong.org.nz//inf
obook/index.html
14
Earthsong

• Buildings and neighbourhood are well integrated
  with the site
• Informal gathering places
• Edible landscaping for local food production
• Dwellings along common pathways and courtyards
• Car parks and carports on one side of the site
• Safe, pedestrian-friendly play areas for
  children, pedestrian priority

15
Earthsong

• Sustainable design principles include
• buildings oriented north
• non-toxic building materials
• rainwater collection for household and garden use
  
• on-site stormwater and wastewater treatment
• low-impact urban design technology such as rain
  tanks, grass swales, permeable paving, use of
  renewable energy (solar water heaters)

16
Research Outcomes

• Policies could influence emerging local-scale
  urban forms in varied manners generating
  significantly different contributions to
  environmental sustainability
• Behaviour change and technology could both impact
  significantly on urban sustainability behaviour
  is likely to make the larger change.

17
Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED), UK

• Mixed-use, mixed-tenure
• Largest carbon neutral
• eco community in UK
• 82 well-insulated, affordable residential homes
  and offices
• Encourage alternatives to car use, thereby
  reducing transport energy use
• Zero heating design

Source http//www.bioregional.com/

• Sustainable designs include
• roof gardens
• passive solar design
• a small-scale combined heat and power plant
  (CHP) to supply hot water
• low-energy lighting
• energy-efficient appliances
• waste water recycling
• onsite renewable energy

18
Behaviour and Sustainability
The Typical household living in a conventional
house have an Ecological Footprint of 5.4 Ha per
person

• The Keen household living
• in BedZED have an
• Ecological Footprint of
• 3.6 Ha per person
• .

Changing the built environment reduces Ecological
Footprint by 11, but changing how we live can
reduce Ecological Footprint by 22. If we do not
learn to change our behaviour, there will be no
point in changing our buildings.
19
Future Research

• Connecting sustainability research and
  environmental policy is essential for successful
  urban sustainability policy formulation and its
  subsequent implementation.