EDPS 540 Spring 2006

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History of Gifted Educationand Theories of
Intelligence

• EDPS 540 Spring 2006
• Rebecca L. Mann
• rlmann_at_purdue.edu

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Gifted depends on the values of the culture

• Primitive Civilizations

• Survival of the fittest

Ancient Civilizations

• Greeks
• Sparta - valued military skills
• Athens - valued academics for upper class
• Romans - valued architecture, engineering, law
• Chinese - valued multiple talents
• Japanese - educated children based on social
• class

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Pre-Renaissance Europe

• Church as keeper of knowledgeRenaissance
  Europe
• valued art, literature, architecture

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Sir Francis Galton - 1822-1911

• Anthromopetric Lab
• Measured physical and sensory capacities
• Intelligence was fixed, in-bred, inherited

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Cesare Lombroso -1836 - 1909

• Genius is a symptom of hereditary degeneration

Alfred Binet - 1857-1911

• Contributed notion of mental age
• First standardized IQ test
• The scale, properly speaking, does not present
  the measure of intelligence because intellectual
  qualities are not superposable and therefore they
  cant be measured as linear surface are
  measured. 1904

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Early America

• Services for gifted education sparse
• Occasional programs in the form of tracking,
  telescoping, acceleration, grade-skipping, and
  special schools
• By 1920, two-thirds of major U.S. cities had
  gifted programs

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• 1920s and 1930s and 1940s
• Declining programs
• Equity became focus, interest in gifted waned
• Great Depression
• World War II

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Charles Spearman - 1863 - 1945

• Two factor theory of intelligence
• g general factor and s specific ability

L.L. Thurstone - 1887 - 1955

• Intelligence is really several primary mental
  abilities
• Seven relatively different abilities
• Factor analyzed intelligence and
• perception tests

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Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky - 1896-1934

• Modern Constructivism Sociocultural Theory
• Humans have ability to alter their environment
• Zone of Proximal Development
• Amount of learning possible when given
  instruction

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Leta Hollingworth - 1886 - 1936

• Nuturant Mother of gifted education
• Highlighted social and emotional needs of gifted
• Wrote first college text on gifted, taught first
  course
• Established gifted programs in New York City

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Lewis Terman - 1877-1956

• Father of gifted education movement
• Supervised modification of Binet-Simon test
• First longitudinal study of gifted children
• Study began in 1922, continued by others after
  his death
• Students were physically, socially and
  psychologically healthier than the average

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1957 - Sputnik Effect

• Resurgence of gifted education
• Identification, ability grouping, acceleration,
  telescoping

1963 - Death of JFK LBJs Great Society
Special Education moved to the forefront, gifted
lagged
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Jean Piaget - 1896 - 1980

• Four stages of mental growth in children
• Qualitative not quantitative

David Weschler - 1896 - 1981

• Took Binet-Simon and reclassified it
• Intelligence is multifacted
• Developed tests for children and
• adults (WISC WAIS)

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J. P. Guilford - 1897 - 1988

• Three dimensional Structure of the Intellect
• Intelligence too complicated to be summed up in
  one number or g factor

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Raymond Cattell - 1905 - 1998

• Fluid Intelligence Intelligence which allows us
  to learn new things, regardless of past
  experience. (Innate Intelligence)
• Crystallized Intelligence Ability to solve
  problems based upon previous experience.

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• 1972 - Marland Report
• Resurgence with Federal definition of giftedness
• 1988 - Javits Gifted and Talented Students
  Education Act
• 1990 - lost federal funding
• 1993 - funding restored

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Joseph Renzulli - 1936 -

• Three ring model of giftedness
• Broadened concept
• Multiple criteria
• Schoolwide Enrichment Model

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WHAT MAKES GIFTEDNESS?
Task Commitment
Above Average Ability
Creativity
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Howard Gardner - 1943 -

• Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• Intelligence is multifacted
• Not designed as an educational prescription

• Linguistic
• Logical-mathematical
• Musical
• Spatial
• Bodily-kinesthetic
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Naturalistic

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Robert Sternberg - 1949 -

• Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence
• Based on relationship between
• intelligence, environment, the external
• and internal world
• First to include creativity and practical
• knowledge

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Sternbergs Theory of Intelligence
Sternberg believes that intelligence is comprised
of three separate, though interrelated, abilities